Table 5.
Prevalence (and 95% CI) of concomitant medication use that was statistically significantly different between CaP patients and their controls or between men with elevated PSA but no CaP and their controls in the General Practice Research Database (GPRD, 2003–2008)1.
| Cases | Controls | OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CaP patients (n = 1, 345) and matched controls (n = 1,345): during 12 months prior to the index date | |||
| Alpha blockers (in urinary retention) | 24.3 (22.0, 26.6) | 7.1 (5.7, 8.4) | 4.2 (3.3, 5.4) |
| Alpha adrenoceptor blocking drugs | 20.7 (18.6, 22.9) | 6.7 (5.4, 8.0) | 3.6 (2.8, 4.7) |
| Sulphonamides and trimethoprim | 12.2 (10.4, 13.9) | 3.9 (2.9, 5.0) | 3.4 (2.4, 4.8) |
| Quinolones | 8.8 (7.3, 10.3) | 3.1 (2.2, 4.1) | 3.0 (2.1, 4.4) |
| Lidocaine/lignocaine (in anaesthesia) | 6.4 (5.1, 7.7) | 3.0 (2.1, 3.9) | 2.2 (1.5, 3.4) |
| Cephalosporins and other beta lactams | 6.9 (5.6, 8.3) | 4.2 (3.1, 5.2) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.4) |
| Osmotic laxatives | 10.6 (8.9, 12.2) | 7.4 (6.0, 8.8) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.0) |
| Thiazides and related diuretics | 20.3 (18.1, 22.4) | 17.0 (14.9, 19.0) | 1.2 (1.02, 1.5) |
| Antiplatelet drugs | 29.7 (27.2, 32.1) | 34.3 (31.8, 36.9) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.95) |
| Statins | 28.8 (26.4, 31.3) | 32.8 (30.3, 35.3) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.98) |
| Prostate cancer and gonadorelin analogues | 7.9 (6.4, 9.3) | —2 | |
| Emollient skin preparations | 7.9 (6.4, 9.3) | —2 | |
| Male sex hormones and antagonists | 6.2 (5.0, 7.5) | —2 | |
| CaP patients (n = 1,345) and matched controls (n = 1,345): during 12 months after the index date | |||
| Lidocaine/lignocaine (in anaesthesia) | 17.8 (15.8, 19.9) | 2.0 (1.3, 2.8) | 10.6 (7.0, 16.5) |
| Alpha blockers (in urinary retention) | 26.8 (24.5, 29.2) | 8.0 (6.5, 9.4) | 4.2 (3.4, 5.4) |
| Alpha adrenoceptor blocking drugs | 22.8 (20.6, 25.1) | 7.4 (6.0, 8.8) | 3.7 (2.9, 4.8) |
| Quinolones | 8.4 (6.9, 9.9) | 3.3 (2.4, 4.3) | 2.6 (1.8, 3.9) |
| Drugs for urinary frequency, enuresis and incontinence | 10.6 (8.9, 12.2) | 4.7 (3.6, 5.8) | 2.4 (1.8, 3.3) |
| Prophylaxis of migraine | 6.5 (5.2, 7.8) | 3.0 (2.1, 4.0) | 2.2 (1.5, 3.3) |
| Motility stimulants | 3.9 (2.8, 4.9) | 1.8 (1.1, 2.5) | 2.2 (1.3, 3.8) |
| Drugs for erectile dysfunction | 12.3 (10.6, 14.1) | 5.9 (4.6, 7.1) | 2.3 (1.7, 3.0) |
| Osmotic laxatives | 15.0 (13.1, 16.9) | 7.6 (6.2, 9.0) | 2.2 (1.7, 2.8) |
| Sulphonamides and trimethoprim | 10.7 (9.1, 12.4) | 4.6 (3.5, 5.7) | 1.9 (1.4, 2.6) |
| Vasodilator antihypertensive drugs | 7.4 (6.0, 8.8) | 3.9 (2.8, 4.9) | 2.0 (1.4, 2.9) |
| Compound haemorrhoidal preparations with corticosteroids | 4.2 (3.2, 5.3) | 2.2 (1.4, 3.0) | 1.9 (1.2, 3.1) |
| Stimulant laxatives | 8.8 (7.3, 10.3) | 4.8 (3.7, 6.0) | 1.9 (1.4, 2.6) |
| Anxiolytics and neuroleptics (in anaesthesia) | 6.0 (4.8, 7.3) | 3.3 (2.4, 4.3) | 1.9 (1.3, 2.8) |
| Tricyclic and related antidepressant drugs | 7.1 (5.7, 8.4) | 4.0 (3.0, 5.1) | 1.8 (1.3, 2.6) |
| Oral iron | 6.6 (5.3, 7.9) | 4.0 (3.0, 5.1) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.4) |
| Neuropathic pain | 6.5 (5.2, 7.9) | 4.0 (3.0, 5.1) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.4) |
| Drugs used in nausea and vertigo | 9.4 (7.8, 10.9) | 5.9 (4.6, 7.1) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.2) |
| Antimotility drugs | 6.5 (5.2, 7.9) | 4.2 (3.1, 5.2) | 1.6 (1.1, 2.3) |
| Hypnotics | 9.4 (7.8, 10.9) | 6.8 (5.4, 8.1) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.9) |
| Acute attacks of gout | 13.9 (12.1, 15.8) | 10.3 (8.7, 12.0) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) |
| Urinary-tract infections | 20.1 (18.0, 22.3) | 15.2 (13.3, 17.2) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.7) |
| Broad-spectrum penicillins | 22.2 (20.0, 24.5) | 18.2 (16.2, 20.3) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) |
| Topical corticosteroids | 21.5 (19.3, 23.7) | 17.6 (15.6, 19.7) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) |
| Statins | 32.2 (29.7, 34.7) | 37.2 (34.7, 39.8) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) |
| Antiplatelet drugs | 32.1 (29.6, 34.6) | 37.4 (34.8, 40.0) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) |
| Prostate cancer and gonadorelin analogues | 71.8 (69.4, 74.2) | —2 | |
| Drugs affecting gonadotrophins | 34.1 (31.5, 36.6) | —2 | |
| Breast cancer | 23.9 (21.6, 26.1) | —2 | |
| Male sex hormones and antagonists | 16.8 (14.8, 18.8) | —2 | |
| Ventricular arrhythmias | 11.8 (10.1, 13.5) | —2 | |
| Leg bags | 6.9 (5.6, 8.3) | —2 | |
| Night drainage bags | 5.1 (3.9, 6.2) | —2 | |
| Men with elevated PSA but no CaP (n = 7, 725) and matched controls (n = 7, 725): during 12 months prior to the index date | |||
| Sulphonamides and trimethoprim | 10.6 (9.9, 11.3) | 3.0 (2.6, 3.4) | 3.9 (3.3, 4.5) |
| Alpha blockers (in urinary retention) | 16.8 (15.9, 17.6) | 7.4 (6.8, 7.9) | 2.5 (2.3, 2.8) |
| Alpha adrenoceptor blocking drugs | 14.3 (13.5, 15.1) | 6.8 (6.2, 7.4) | 2.3 (2.0, 2.6) |
| Quinolones | 5.6 (5.1, 6.1) | 2.8 (2.4, 3.2) | 2.1 (1.8, 2.5) |
| Male sex hormones and antagonists | 3.2 (2.8, 3.6) | 1.6 (1.3, 1.8) | 2.1 (1.6, 2.6) |
| Cephalosporins and other beta lactams | 7.2 (6.6, 7.7) | 3.6 (3.2, 4.1) | 2.0 (1.8, 2.4) |
| Biguanides | 4.4 (3.9, 4.8) | 6.6 (6.0, 7.1) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) |
| Sulphonylureas | 3.2 (2.8, 3.6) | 4.7 (4.2, 5.2) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) |
| Diagnostic and monitoring agents for diabetes mellitus | 1.7 (1.4, 2.0) | 2.3 (2.0, 2.6) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) |
| Other antianginal drugs | 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) | 1.8 (1.5, 2.1) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) |
| Nitrates | 7.7 (7.1, 8.3) | 9.4 (8.7, 10) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) |
| Loop diuretics | 5.9 (5.4, 6.5) | 7.4 (6.8, 8.0) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) |
| Nonopioid analgesics | 39.1 (38.0, 40.2) | 43.8 (42.7, 44.9) | 0.8 (0.8, 0.9) |
| Control of epilepsy | 4.2 (3.8, 4.7) | 5.1 (4.6, 5.6) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.96) |
| Neuropathic pain | 3.9 (3.5, 4.3) | 4.6 (4.2, 5.1) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.98) |
| Antimotility drugs | 2.8 (2.4, 3.1) | 3.3 (2.9, 3.7) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.995) |
| Statins | 28.4 (26.6, 30.3) | 32.5 (30.7, 34.4) | 0.8 (0.8, 0.9) |
| Antiplatelet drugs | 26.5 (24.6, 28.4) | 30.5 (28.7, 32.4) | 0.8 (0.8, 0.9) |
| Opioid analgesics | 19.6 (18.7, 20.5) | 21.8 (20.8, 22.7) | 0.9 (0.8, 0.9) |
| Beta adrenoceptor blocking drugs | 18.3 (17.5, 19.2) | 19.9 (19.0, 20.7) | 0.9 (0.8, 0.98) |
| Men with elevated PSA but no CaP (n = 7,725) and matched controls (n = 7,725): during 12 months after the index date | |||
| Male sex hormones and antagonists | 10.6 (10.0, 11.3) | 1.7 (2.0, 1.4) | 6.9 (5.7, 8.4) |
| Alpha blockers (in urinary retention) | 32.2 (31.1, 33.2) | 8.0 (8.6, 7.4) | 5.5 (5.0, 6.0) |
| Alpha adrenoceptor blocking drugs | 27.4 (26.4, 28.4) | 7.3 (7.9, 6.7) | 4.8 (4.3, 5.3) |
| Sulphonamides and trimethoprim | 10.2 (9.5, 10.9) | 2.8 (3.2, 2.4) | 4.0 (3.4, 4.7) |
| Quinolones | 9.3 (8.7, 10.0) | 3.1 (3.4, 2.7) | 3.3 (2.8, 3.8) |
| Cephalosporins and other beta lactams | 7.4 (6.8, 8.0) | 3.9 (4.3, 3.4) | 2.0 (1.7, 2.3) |
| Lidocaine/lignocaine (in anaesthesia) | 3.5 (3.1, 3.9) | 2.4 (2.7, 2.0) | 1.5 (1.2,1.8) |
| Compound haemorrhoidal preparations with corticosteroids | 2.9 (2.5, 3.3) | 2.3 (2.6, 1.9) | 1.3 (1.1,1.6) |
| Drugs for urinary frequency, enuresis and incontinence | 6.3 (5.7, 6.8) | 5.2 (5.6, 4.7) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) |
| Drugs for erectile dysfunction | 7.4 (6.8, 8.0) | 6.3 (6.9, 5.8) | 1.2 (1.08, 1.4) |
| Vasodilator antihypertensive drugs | 4.9 (4.4, 5.4) | 4.2 (4.7, 3.8) | 1.2 (1.003, 1.4) |
| Biguanides | 4.9 (4.4, 5.4) | 7.2 (7.8, 6.7) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) |
| Sulphonylureas | 3.4 (3.0, 3.8) | 4.7 (5.2, 4.2) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) |
| Emollient bath additives | 1.7 (1.4, 2.0) | 2.3 (2.6, 2.0) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) |
| Calcium supplements | 2.2 (1.8, 2.5) | 2.7 (3.1, 2.3) | 0.8 (0.6, 0.98) |
| Vitamin D | 1.9 (1.6, 2.2) | 2.4 (2.8, 2.1) | 0.8 (0.6, 0.98) |
| Nitrates | 7.5 (6.9, 8.1) | 9.4 (10, 8.7) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) |
| Neuropathic pain | 4.3 (3.9, 4.8) | 5.1 (5.6, 4.6) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.98) |
| Antiplatelet drugs | 29.4 (28.4, 30.4) | 32.9 (34.0, 31.9) | 0.8 (0.8, 0.9) |
| Nonopioid analgesics | 42.6 (41.5, 43.7) | 45.9 (47.0, 44.7) | 0.9 (0.8, 0.9) |
| Beta adrenoceptor blocking drugs | 18.5 (17.6, 19.4) | 20.6 (21.5, 19.7) | 0.9 (0.8, 0.9) |
| Loop diuretics | 7.0 (6.4, 7.6) | 8.1 (8.7, 7.5) | 0.9 (0.8, 0.96) |
| Emollient skin preparations | 7.4 (6.8, 8.0) | 8.5 (9.1, 7.9) | 0.9 (0.8, 0.97) |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 42.8 (41.7, 43.9) | 44.7 (45.8, 43.6) | 0.9 (0.9, 0.98) |
1Medications, listed by class per British National Formulary (BNF) header within the product files, were assessed among a subgroup of men in GPRD within the latter five years (i.e., index dates between August 1, 2003 and July 31, 2008), in order to provide a more up-to-date pattern for medication use. OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval. This table, ranked by magnitude of the OR, includes only medications with significant ORs. For medications used by less than 2% in cases (or controls), only those used by >5% by their matched patients were included. Index date was the date of initial CaP diagnosis for prostate cancer (CaP) patients; the date of first elevated PSA test result for men with elevated PSA but no CaP; the same index date as their matched cases for controls.
2Blanks indicate that the frequency of medication use was <2%.