Table 1.
Demographics, anthropometry, physical functional tests, and walking, lying and sitting habits in fallers with a fracture (n = 150), fallers with no fractures (n = 1920) and non-fallers (n = 8928) during the last 12 months
| Fallers with a fracture (a) | Fallers without a fracture (b) | Non-fallers (c) | Group differences, P-value | Adjusted differences (a–b) | Adjusted differences (a–c) | Adjusted differences (b–c) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Numbers | 150 (1.3%) | 1920 (17.5%) | 8928 (81.2%) | ||||
| Age (years) | 75.5 (74.6, 76.5) | 74.8 (74.5, 75.0) | 73.7 (73.6, 73.8) | <0.001 | 0.7 (–0.1, 1.6) | 1.8 (1.0, 2.6) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.3) |
| Anthropometry | |||||||
| Height (cm) | 172.7 (171.5, 173.9) | 172.6 (172.2, 172.9) | 172.2 (172.1, 172.4) | 0.43 | 0.2 (–0.9, 1.2) | 0.5 (–0.5, 1.5) | 0.4 (0.0, 0.7) |
| Weight (kg) | 79.9 (77.4, 82.4) | 79.6 (79.0, 80.3) | 78.5 (78.2, 78.8) | 0.06 | –0.7 (–2.7, 1.3) | 0.1 (–1.8, 2.1) | 0.9 (0.3, 1.4) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.7 (26.0, 27.3) | 26.6 (26.4, 26.8) | 26.4 (26.3, 26.4) | 0.02 | –0.2 (–0.8, 0.4) | 0.1 (–0.5, 0.6) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.4) |
| Performance tests | |||||||
| Right-hand-grip strength (kg) | 35.3 (33.7, 36.8) | 36.8 (36.4, 37.2) | 38.6 (38.4, 38.8) | <0.001 | –1.6 (–2.9, –0.3) | –2.9 (–4.2, –1.6) | –1.3 (–1.7, –0.9) |
| Left-hand grip strength (kg) | 34.3 (32.7, 35.8) | 35.4 (35.0, 35.8) | 37.0 (36.8, 37.1) | <0.001 | –1.1 (–2.5, 0.2) | –2.3 (–3.5, –1.0) | –1.1 (–1.5, –0.7) |
| Timed stand test (s) | 13.1 (12.2, 13.9) | 12.5 (12.3, 12.7) | 11.9 (11.8, 12.0) | <0.001 | 0.5 (–0.1, 1.2) | 1.1 (0.5, 1.7) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) |
| Six-metre walk test (s) | 5.9 (5.6, 6.2) | 5.8 (5.7, 5.8) | 5.4 (5.4, 5.5) | <0.001 | 0.1 (–0.1, 0.4) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) |
| Steps needed for the six-metre walk test (n) | 10.4 (10.1, 10.8) | 10.2 (10.1, 10.3) | 9.7 (9.7, 9.7) | <0.001 | 0.3 (0.0, 0.5) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) |
| Twenty-centimetre narrow walk test (s) | 6.7 (6.2, 7.2) | 6.5 (6.3, 6.6) | 6.1 (6.0, 6.1) | <0.001 | 0.4 (0.0, 0.7) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.0) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) |
| Habitual physical activity | |||||||
| Walking for exercise (km) | 2.7 (2.3, 3.1) | 2.6 (2.5, 2.7) | 2.8 (2.8, 2.9) | 0.006 | 0.1 (–0.4, 0.5) | –0.1 (–0.6, 0.3) | –0.2 (–0.3, –0.1) |
| Walking as daily routine (km) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.1) | 1.1 (1.1, 1.2) | 0.09 | –0.1 (–0.3, 0.1) | –0.2 (–0.4, 0.0) | –0.1 (–0.1, 0.0) |
| Daily lying (h) | 8.6 (8.2, 8.9) | 8.3 (8.2, 8.4) | 8.2 (8.2, 8.2) | 0.03 | 0.3 (0.0, 0.5) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.6) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.1) |
| Daily sitting (h) | 6.7 (6.2, 7.2) | 6.5 (6.3, 6.6) | 6.1 (6.0, 6.2) | <0.001 | 0.2 (–0.2, 0.7) | 0.6 (0.1, 1.0) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) |
Data presented as numbers or as mean with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) within brackets. In the three left-hand columns, we present absolute values in each group and in the three right-hand columns the group differences were determined by analyses of covariance adjusted for differences in age, geographic measuring site and country (for age only adjusted for geographic measuring site and country). Statistically significant differences are presented in bold.