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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Apr 24.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Manag Care. 2011 Apr;17(4):e121–e147.

Appendix Tables 5a–e.

Using categories grouped into top 30%, middle 40%, and bottom 30% of hospitals

Appendix Table 5a: Baseline Hospital Characteristics by Quality Category
Characteristic High Quality (N = 508) Intermediate Quality (N = 670) Low Quality (N = 459) p-value
Percent
Size Small (6–99 beds) 12.8 14.8 20.7 <0.001
Medium (100–399 beds) 65.9 65.5 69.1
Large (≥ 400 beds) 21.3 19.6 10.2
Region Northeast 20.2 20.2 15.8 <0.001
Midwest 36.9 23.3 12.6
South 30.3 36.0 49.0
West 12.5 20.5 22.7
Ownership Private for-profit 9.2 15.8 23.1 <0.001
Private non-profit 82.0 69.9 56.4
Public 8.8 14.3 20.5
Teaching hospital 42.7 41.3 29.5 <0.001
Member of hospital system 69.0 61.9 55.8 <0.001
Urban Location 82.5 80.5 68.5 <0.001
Dedicated coronary care unit 56.0 51.1 35.8 <0.001
Percentage of Medicaid Patients 10.0 11.8 13.3 <0.001*
Appendix Table 5b: Proportion of hospitals with selected electronic functionalities implemented in at least one unit in the high, intermediate, and low quality grades
EHR Function High Quality (N = 508) Intermediate Quality (N = 670) Low Quality (N = 459) Difference (high – low) p-value
Percent
Clinical Documentation
Patient demographics 94.4 95.0 92.1 2.3 0.14
Physician notes 40.4 38.3 37.9 2.5 0.69
Nurses notes 75.3 74.3 68.7 6.5 0.05
Problem lists 55.1 57.2 51.7 3.5 0.2
Medication lists 83.7 78.4 75.2 8.5 0.01
Discharge Summaries 77.1 74.6 73.6 3.5 0.44
Advanced directives 63.4 59.0 54.9 8.4 0.036
Results Viewing
Lab Reports 96.0 96.3 96.1 −0.1 0.97
Radiology Reports 96.6 96.1 95.7 0.9 0.80
Radiology Images 96.1 96.4 89.0 7.1 <.0001
Diagnostic Test Results 86.3 82.6 76.9 9.4 0.001
Diagnostic Test Images 73.8 69.4 58.7 15.1 <.0001
Consultant Reports 79.1 78.9 73.2 5.9 0.05
Computerized Order Entry
Laboratory Tests 41.9 39.7 35.3 6.7 0.11
Radiology Tests 41.9 39.5 34.3 7.6 0.05
Medications 38.0 37.0 30.5 7.5 0.03
Consultation Requests 34.0 33.8 28.7 5.3 0.13
Nursing Orders 44.4 41.8 35.3 9.1 0.01
Decision Support
Clinical Guidelines 44.3 43.1 32.2 12.1 <.001
Clinical Reminders 52.6 50.0 37.8 14.7 <.0001
Drug Allergy Alerts 36.5 35.0 27.6 8.9 <.001
Drug-Drug Interaction Alerts 35.7 33.9 26.4 9.3 <.001
Drug-Lab Interaction Alerts 29.1 28.8 21.1 8.1 <.001
Drug Dosing Support 30.2 28.8 20.8 9.3 <.001
Appendix Table 5c: Adjusted Proportions and Differences of Proportions of Hospitals with Selected Electronic Functionalities Implemented in At Least One Unit in the Highest, Intermediate, and Lowest Quality Groups
Quality Group: High Quality Intermediate Quality Low Quality Difference (High-low) P value
Percent
Clinical Documentation
Patient Demographics 94.8 95.8 94.2 0.6 0.27
Physician Notes 40.6 38.0 38.2 2.4 0.56
Nurses Notes 75.7 74.5 69.8 5.9 0.04
Problem Lists 56.2 57.4 52.0 4.2 0.11
Medication Lists 83.8 78.5 77.0 6.7 <0.01
Discharge Summaries 77.1 74.6 74.8 2.3 0.47
Advanced Directives 63.6 59.3 57.2 6.4 0.07
Results Viewing
Lab Reports 96.9 97.1 97.5 −0.6 0.74
Radiology Reports 97.3 97.0 97.2 0.1 0.884
Radiology Images 96.5 96.7 90.6 5.9 <0.001
Diagnostic Test Results 86.9 83.5 81.4 5.6 0.02
Diagnostic Test Images 74.4 69.8 62.3 12.1 <0.001
Consultant Reports 78.7 78.8 75.2 3.5 0.20
CPOE
Laboratory Tests 40.9 39.5 38.2 2.8 0.63
Radiology Tests 41.0 39.3 37.0 3.9 0.39
Medications 36.9 36.6 33.0 3.8 0.30
Consultation Requests 31.9 33.1 31.7 0.2 0.83
Nursing orders 43.4 41.8 38.4 4.9 0.22
Decision Support
Clinical Guidelines 43.3 42.4 34.3 9.0 <0.01
Clinical Reminders 51.5 49.9 40.7 10.8 <0.001
Drug Allergy Alerts 35.1 34.5 30.2 4.9 0.16
Drug-Drug Interaction Alerts 34.1 33.3 28.9 5.2 0.12
Drug-Lab Interaction Alert 28.1 28.3 22.9 5.2 0.05
Drug Dosing Support 28.5 27.9 22.5 6.0 0.03
Appendix Table 5d: Adjusted Proportions and Differences in Proportions of Non-Adopting Hospitals with No Resources or No Plans to Implement Selected Electronic Functionalities in the Highest, Intermediate, and Lowest Quality Groups
Quality Group: High Quality Intermediate Quality Low Quality Difference (low-high) P value
Percent
Clinical Documentation
Patient Demographics 49.7 50.6 49.4 −0.3 0.99
Physician Notes 50.6 57.3 54.7 4.1 0.13
Nurses Notes 35.2 43.4 47.7 12.5 0.07
Problem Lists 44.0 50.0 52.2 8.2 0.14
Medication Lists 32.4 32.1 40.2 7.9 0.27
Discharge Summaries 52.2 44.0 45.4 −6.8 0.28
Advanced Directives 56.5 63.0 65.4 8.9 0.13
Results Viewing
Lab Reports 49.5 46.3 72.4 22.9 0.23
Radiology Reports 58.3 48.5 62.4 4.1 0.68
Radiology Images 44.1 27.8 37.6 −6.5 0.45
Diagnostic Test Results 59.9 45.8 51.3 −8.6 0.12
Diagnostic Test Images 55.9 51.0 57.6 1.7 0.29
Consultant Reports 50.6 53.1 63.2 12.6 0.07
CPOE
Laboratory Tests 52.4 59.2 59.5 7.1 0.08
Radiology Tests 51.8 58.6 60.1 8.3 0.05
Medications 50.6 58.0 59.6 9.0 0.03
Consultation Requests 52.9 59.7 61.3 8.3 0.03
Nursing orders 49.6 58.6 60.9 11.3 <0.01
Decision Support
Clinical Guidelines 52.9 52.7 60.1 7.1 0.06
Clinical Reminders 53.3 51.4 56.9 3.5 0.29
Drug Allergy Alerts 17.1 23.5 22.8 5.8 0.07
Drug-Drug Interaction Alerts 40.2 45.7 50.3 10.0 0.21
Drug-Lab Interaction Alerts 48.4 50.4 53.4 5.0 0.53
Drug Dosing Support 44.5 52.6 52.6 8.1 0.10
Appendix Table 5e: Proportion of Selected “Meaningful Use” Criteria in the High, Intermediate, and Low Quality Groups
Meaningful Use Objectives High Quality (N = 508) Intermediate Quality (N = 670) Low Quality (N = 459) Difference (high - low) p-value
Percent
Core Measures
 Computerized Order Entry 37.7 36.7 30.5 7.2 0.04
 Implement Drug-Drug, Drug-Allergy Checks 20.1 17.8 13.8 6.3 0.04
 Maintain Up-to-date Problem Lists 54.8 55.6 50.4 4.4 0.21
 Maintain Active Medication Lists 82.5 78.2 74.7 7.8 0.02
 Record Key Demographics 94.1 94.9 91.7 2.4 0.10
 Give Patients an Electronic Copy of Discharge Summaries 76.7 74.0 72.6 4.1 0.35
 Report Hospital Quality Measures to State or CMS 32.3 31.5 31.1 1.2 0.92
 Implement at Least One of Four Clinical Decision Rules 76.4 71.9 68.3 8.1 0.02
 Have Capability to Exchange Key Clinical Information 57.4 55.1 47.1 10.3 0.0040
 All nine core criteria 3.3 4.0 1.7 1.6 0.0552
Menu Measures
 Incorporate Clinical Lab-Test Results Into EHR As Structured Data 95.0 95.4 95.7 −0.6 0.90
 Perform Medication Reconciliation 65.4 64.6 58.6 6.8 0.06
 Record Advanced Directives 62.2 58.3 54.0 8.4 0.04
 All 3 menu criteria 45.7 42.5 37.7 8.0 0.04
 All 9 core and all 3 menu criteria 2.7 3.0 1.3 1.5 0.12
*

P-value for differences in mean percentage of Medicaid patients determined by ANOVA

CPOE=computerized physician order entry.