Table 2.
Comparison of knowledge and practices regarding water treatment and hand hygiene from baseline to follow-up among friends and relatives of antenatal clinic program participants, Blantyre and Salima Districts, Malawi, 2007–2008*
| Characteristic | Blantyre (n = 155) | Salima (n = 120) | Total (n = 275) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Follow-up | P† | Baseline | Follow-up | P† | Baseline | Follow-up | P† | |
| Water treatment | |||||||||
| Treats drinking water with any method | 88 (68) | 116 (89) | < 0.0001 | 60 (55) | 104 (95) | < 0.0001 | 148 (62) | 220 (92) | < 0.0001 |
| WaterGuard | 57 (41) | 91 (65) | < 0.0001 | 26 (23) | 84 (75) | < 0.0001 | 83 (33) | 175 (69) | < 0.0001 |
| Boiling | 53 (38) | 41 (29) | 0.02 | 32 (29) | 19 (17) | 0.01 | 85 (34) | 60 (24) | < 0.01 |
| Treat with chlorine stock solution | 10 (7) | 28 (20) | < 0.01 | 14 (13) | 27 (24) | 0.04 | 24 (10) | 55 (22) | < 0.001 |
| Other (filter, settle, floculant) | 24 (21) | 4 (3) | < 0.01 | 15 (18) | 10 (12) | 0.28 | 39 (19) | 14 (7) | < 0.0001 |
| Reported use of any method in past 2 days | 30 (24) | 79 (63) | < 0.0001 | 26 (25) | 84 (79) | < 0.0001 | 56 (24) | 163 (70) | < 0.0001 |
| WaterGuard knowledge and use | |||||||||
| Heard of WaterGuard | 146 (94) | 153 (99) | −‡ | 93 (79) | 117 (99) | < 0.0001 | 239 (88) | 270 (99) | −§ |
| Knows correct WaterGuard treatment procedure | 45 (31) | 68 (47) | < 0.01 | 16 (17) | 49 (53) | < 0.0001 | 61 (26) | 117 (50) | < 0.0001 |
| Ever used WaterGuard | 103 (66) | 127 (82) | < 0.001 | 52 (44) | 104 (88) | < 0.0001 | 155 (57) | 231 (85) | < 0.0001 |
| Reported use of WaterGuard in last 2 days | 20 (13) | 46 (31) | < 0.001 | 8 (7) | 62 (53) | < 0.0001 | 28 (11) | 108 (41) | < 0.0001 |
| WaterGuard bottle observed in home | 12 (8) | 32 (21) | < 0.0001 | 4 (3) | 44 (38) | < 0.0001 | 16 (6) | 76 (28) | < 0.0001 |
| Detectable residual chlorine in stored water | 16 (11) | 40 (28) | < 0.001 | 3 (3) | 53 (52) | < 0.0001 | 19 (8) | 93 (38) | < 0.0001 |
| Detectable chlorine plus bottle observed (confirmed use) | 3 (2) | 26 (18) | < 0.0001 | 0 | 34 (34) | −§ | 3 (1) | 60 (25) | < 0.0001 |
| Hygiene practices | |||||||||
| Soap observed in home | 112 (73) | 120 (78) | 0.34 | 72 (61) | 85 (72) | < 0.05 | 184 (68) | 205 (76) | 0.07 |
| Hand washing demonstration | |||||||||
| Uses soap | 42 (27) | 99 (64) | < 0.0001 | 17 (15) | 75 (66) | < 0.0001 | 59 (22) | 174 (65) | < 0.0001 |
| Lathers hands completely with soap | 34 (22) | 88 (57) | < 0.0001 | 14 (12) | 72 (64) | < 0.0001 | 48 (18) | 160 (60) | < 0.0001 |
*
Values are no. (%). For some items, n may vary by small numbers.
†
P value is from McNemar’s test adjusted for clustering by health facility.
‡
P value could not be estimated using McNemar’s test adjusting for clustering by health facility, but using an exact test of binomial proportion, P < 0.05.
§
P value could not be estimated using McNemar’s test adjusting for clustering by health facility, but using an exact test of binomial proportion, P < 0.0001.