Table 1. Helminth Infections Emphasised by DRG4 for Development of a Research Agenda for Control and Elimination.
Helminth Infection | Causative Agent(s) | At-Risk Population (Millions) | No. of People Infected (Millions) | No. of People with Morbidity (Millions) | No. of Deaths per Year (Thousands) | Global Burden (Thousand DALYs) | Reference(s) |
Soil-transmitted helminthiasis | |||||||
Ascariasis | Ascaris lumbricoides | 5,416 | 807–1,221 | 350 | 3–60 | 1,817–10,500 | [10], [11], [17] |
Trichuriasis | Trichuris trichiura | 5,307 | 604–795 | 220 | 3–10 | 1,006–6,400 | [10], [11], [17] |
Hookworm infection | Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus | 5,346 | 576–740 | 150 | 3–65 | 59–22,100 | [10], [11], [17] |
Strongyloidiasis | Strongyloides stercoralis | n.d. | 30–100 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | [10] |
Lymphatic filariasis | Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and B. timori | >1,000 | 120 | 43 | 0 | 5,777 | [11], [14] |
Schistosomiasisa | Schistosoma haematobium, S. japonicum, and S. mansoni | 779 | 207 | 120 | 15–280 | 1,702–4,500 | [11], [12] |
Food-borne trematodiasis | |||||||
Clonorchiasis | Clonorchis sinensis | 601 | 15.3 | 1.1 | 5.6 | 275 | [13], [16] |
Paragonimiasis | Paragonimus spp. | 292 | 23.2 | 5.3 | 0.2 | 197 | [13], [16] |
Fascioliasis | Fasciola gigantica and F. hepatica | 91 | 2.6 | 0.3 | 0 | 35 | [13], [16] |
Opisthorchiasis | Opisthorchis felineus and O. viverrini | 80 | 8.4 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 74 | [13], [16] |
Intestinal fluke infections | Echinostoma spp., Fasciolopsis buski, Metagonimus spp., and Heterophyidae | n.d. | 6.7 | 0.9 | 0 | 84 | [13], [16] |
Onchocerciasis | Onchocerca volvulus | 120 | 37 | n.d. | 0.05 (in the OCP area) | 484 | [9], [14] |
Cysticercosis/taeniasis | Taenia solium and T. saginata | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | >2,000 | [15] |
Listed are the three main schistosome species parasitising humans; of lesser importance are S. guineenisis and S. intercalatum (both restricted to West and Central Africa) and S. mekongi (restricted to Cambodia and Lao PDR).
DALY, disability-adjusted life year; n.d., not determined; OCP, Onchocerciasis Control Programme.