Table 4.

Longitudinal Analyses: Multivariable analyses of the association between sleep disturbance at baseline and subsequent health outcomes

	COPD Exacerbations*	Respiratory-Related Emergency Utilization*	All-Cause Mortality†
	OR (95% CI) p-value	OR (95% CI) p-value	HR (95% CI) p-value
Model 1: Controlling for Sociodemographics + BMI	4.7 (1.3 – 17) p = 0.018	11.5 (2.1 – 62) p = 0.004	5.0 (1.4 – 18) p = 0.013
Model 2: Model 1 + FEV1	6.3 (1.6 – 25) p = 0.008	15.2 (2.5 – 91) p = 0.003	9.5 (2.1 – 44) p = 0.004
Model 3: Model 1 + FEV1 + COPD Severity Score	4.0 (1.1 – 15) p = 0.042	9.7 (1.5 – 63) p = 0.017	8.8 (1.8 – 43) p = 0.007

All of the estimates (hazard ratio [HR] or odds ratio [OR]) presented above are for the association between sleep disturbance and a given health outcome (COPD exacerbations, or emergency utilization, all-cause mortality), with each of the 3 models controlling for an increasing number of covariates.

^*Analyses of COPD exacerbations and emergency utilization were multivariable logistic regressions in which the outcome was assessed one year after baseline. Emergency utilization is the combined end-point of either a hospitalization or ED visit.

^†Analyses of all-cause mortality were multivariable Cox regression analysis in which the outcome was assessed over a median 2.4 years of follow-up.

Model 1 controls for age, gender, race, marital status, educational attainment, and BMI

Model 2 controls for all variables in Model 1 + FEV₁ (absolute)

Model 3 controls for all variables in Model 1 + FEV₁ (absolute) + COPD Severity Score