Table 3.
Univariable and multivariable associations of maternal predictive characteristics with outcomes
| Maternal characteristic measured during pregnancy | Depression, 8 weeks (n = 10,070) | Never breastfed (n = 7,976) | Feelings of poor attachment (n = 8,253) | Feelings of hostility, 47 m (n = 8,159) | NEET, 61 m (n = 8,265) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Univariable | ||||||||||
| Age group | ||||||||||
| 20 or older | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| <20 | 1.83 (1.38–2.41) | <0.001 | 2.97 (2.36–3.74) | <0.001 | 1.43 (0.93–2.20) | 0.103 | 1.40 (1.01–1.94) | 0.045 | 1.27 (0.81–1.98) | 0.291 |
| Partner status | ||||||||||
| Married/cohabitating | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| No partner/not cohabitating | 2.06 (1.66–2.55) | <0.001 | 2.06 (1.71–2.48) | <0.001 | 1.16 (0.83–1.63) | 0.381 | 1.32 (1.03–1.68) | 0.027 | 2.27 (1.72–2.99) | <0.001 |
| Financial difficulties score | ||||||||||
| <9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 9 or higher | 3.31 (2.79–3.92) | <0.001 | 1.20 (1.02–1.42) | 0.028 | 1.42 (1.08–1.87) | 0.011 | 1.57 (1.29–1.92) | <0.001 | 1.60 (1.23–2.09) | <0.001 |
| Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score | ||||||||||
| 12 or lower | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| >12 | 7.61 (6.57–8.81) | <0.001 | 1.33 (1.15–1.54) | <0.001 | 1.85 (1.48–2.31) | <0.001 | 1.80 (1.52–2.13) | <0.001 | 1.36 (1.06–1.73) | 0.015 |
| Smoked in first 3 months of pregnancy | ||||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 2.09 (1.81–2.41) | <0.001 | 1.99 (1.78–2.23) | <0.001 | 1.38 (1.13–1.68) | 0.001 | 1.43 (1.24–1.65) | <0.001 | 1.84 (1.52–2.22) | <0.001 |
| Highest education level | ||||||||||
| O level or higher | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Less than O level | 1.38 (1.20–1.59) | <0.001 | 3.01 (2.71–3.35) | <0.001 | 0.78 (0.64–0.97) | 0.023 | 0.99 (0.86–1.15) | 0.923 | 2.48 (2.08–2.95) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable* | ||||||||||
| Age group | ||||||||||
| 20 or older | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| <20 | 0.95 (0.69–1.31) | 0.772 | 1.83 (1.42–2.35) | <0.001 | 1.30 (0.83–2.06) | 0.254 | 1.16 (0.82–1.64) | 0.406 | 0.69 (0.43–1.11) | 0.122 |
| Partner status | ||||||||||
| Married/cohabitating | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| No partner/not cohabitating | 1.20 (0.94–1.55) | 0.144 | 1.30 (1.06–1.60) | 0.011 | 0.93 (0.64–1.34) | 0.688 | 1.06 (0.82–1.38) | 0.660 | 1.78 (1.32–2.41) | <0.001 |
| Financial difficulties score | ||||||||||
| <9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 9 or higher | 2.07 (1.71–2.50) | <0.001 | 0.90 (0.76–1.08) | 0.259 | 1.24 (0.93–1.64) | 0.140 | 1.34 (1.09–1.65) | 0.005 | 1.23 (0.93–1.61) | 0.158 |
| Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score | ||||||||||
| 12 or lower | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| >12 | 6.37 (5.48–7.42) | <0.001 | 1.10 (0.94–1.29) | 0.234 | 1.74 (1.38–2.19) | <0.001 | 1.63 (1.36–1.94) | <0.001 | 1.10 (0.85–1.42) | 0.478 |
| Smoked in first 3 months of pregnancy | ||||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 1.49 (1.27–1.74) | <0.001 | 1.55 (1.37–1.75) | <0.001 | 1.33 (1.08–1.64) | 0.007 | 1.32 (1.13–1.54) | <0.001 | 1.42 (1.16–1.74) | 0.001 |
| Highest education level | ||||||||||
| O level or higher | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Less than O level | 1.07 (0.91–1.25) | 0.390 | 2.69 (2.41–3.00) | <0.001 | 0.70 (0.56–0.87) | 0.001 | 0.89 (0.77–1.04) | 0.142 | 2.24 (1.86–2.68) | <0.001 |
NEET not in employment, education or training, and not had a baby since study child, OR odds ratio. * Mutually adjusted for all other variables in table