. 2012 Mar 31;9(2):245–261. doi: 10.1007/s13311-012-0119-8

Table 3.

Summary of the Animal Models of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

	How model is created	Histology	Spontaneous seizure
Eker rat	Spontaneous inactivating mutation of TSC2	Subependymal and subcortical hamartomas	No spontaneous seizure
Eker rat	Spontaneous inactivating mutation of TSC2	No cortical tuber	Decrease in fluorotyl seizure threshold after a second hit
TSC1 +/−	Mice with heterozygote deletion	Numbers of astrocytes is increased	No
TSC2 +/−			TSC2 +/− : altered ultrasonic vocalizations
TSC1^GFAP CKO	Conditional KO mice, astroctytes	Increase of GFAP-positive cells increases	Yes 1–2 months
		Ectopic neurons within the hippocampus
		No tuber
TSC2^GFAP CKO	Conditional KO mice, astrocytes	Diffuse glial proliferation, dispersion of hippocampal pyramidal cells	Yes 3-week-old and higher seizure frequency than TSC1^GFAP CKO
TSC2^GFAP CKO	Conditional KO mice, astrocytes	No tuber
TSC1^synapsin CKO	Conditional KO mice, neurons	Enlarged and/or dysplastic cortical and hippocampal neurons	Yes

CKO = conditional Knock-out; KO = Knock-out