Table 1.

Ranges of fluid displacement induced by lower body negative pressure and equivalent amounts of blood loss during hemorrhage.

LBNP	Hemorrhage
10–20 mmHg, 400–550 ml fluid displaced	400–550 ml, (∼10% of total blood volume)
20–40 mmHg, 500–1000 ml fluid displaced	550–1000 ml, (∼10–20% of total blood volume)
≥40 mmHg, ≥1000 ml fluid displaced	>1000 ml, >20% of total blood volume

Hemorrhage data are from humans and represent approximations and ranges derived from the literature. LBNP, lower body negative pressure. From Cooke et al. (2004).