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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Fam Relat. 2012 Mar 13;61(2):224–236. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00700.x

Table 2.

Descriptive Statistics and Bivariate Correlations for Children Experiencing No Spanking or Mild Spanking Only (n = 258)

1 2 3 4 5 6
1. Mild spanking: 6 -- .40*** .38*** .22** .22** .20**
2. Mild spanking: 7 .40*** -- .49*** .19** .19*** .20**
3. Mild spanking: 8 .38*** .49*** -- .23** .21** .30***
4. Externalizing: Age 6 .07 .09 .18** -- .63*** .72***
5. Externalizing: Age 7 .07 .03 .12 .53*** -- .63***
6. Externalizing: Age 8 .09 .01 .05 .59*** .65*** --
M (teacher/mother-report) .72 .67 .52 5.50/8.69 5.36/7.82 4.96/7.42
SD (teacher/mother-report) .45 .47 .50 8.70/5.85 8.78/5.84 8.34/5.98

Note. Correlations for teacher-reported externalizing are presented below the diagonal; correlations for mother-reported externalizing are presented above the diagonal.

**

p < .01

***

p < .001.