Table 2.

ROM summary and reliability statistics for intra-observer and inter-observer studies

Movement direction	Normative mean (SD) ROM (°) [19]	Results for IaO study				Results for IeO study
		Mean (SD) ROM (°)	ICC (95% CI)	SEM/(°)	LoA/(°)	Mean (SD) ROM (°)	ICC (95% CI)	SEM (°)	LoA (°)
Active flexion	52 (7)	38 (14.3)	0.99 (0.98–0.99)	1.4	−4.3 to 2.9	33 (15.8)	0.83 (0.61–0.93)	6.5	−21.6 to 16.1
Active extension	71 (5)	41 (16.4)	0.99 (0.98–0.99)	1.6	−5.0 to 5.0	41 (18.1)	0.88 (0.72–0.96)	6.3	−18.9 to 18.0
Active Right Rotation	73 (11)	51 (14.1)	0.98 (0.96–0.99)	2	−6.4 to 4.5	45 (17.5)	0.92 (0.80–0.97)	4.9	−13.5 to 15.5
Active left rotation	71 (11)	51 (15.0)	0.99 (0.98–0.99)	1.5	−4.6 to 3.4	45 (17.9)	0.87 (0.68–0.95)	6.5	−13.8 to 21.5
Active right lateral flexion	44 (0)	26 (9.4)	0.98 (0.96–0.99)	1.3	−4.2 to 3.0	25 (8.7)	0.82 (0.59–0.92)	3.7	−12.0 to 10.0
Active left lateral flexion	42 (2)	34 (9.8)	0.98 (0.96–0.99)	1.4	−4.3 to 3.3	32 (10.6)	0.88 (0.70–0.95)	3.7	−7.9 to 12.4
Total active ROM		241 (66.3)	0.99 (0.99–0.99)	6.6	−15.5 to 9.3	222 (79.0)	0.95 (0.86–0.98)	17.7	−50.7 to 56.4
Passive flexion		35 (14.8)	0.98 (0.96–0.99)	2.1	−6.5 to 4.6	32 (17.0)	0.90 (0.76–0.96)	5.4	−16.9 to 14.0
Passive extension		42 (17.8)	0.99 (0.99–1.00)	1.8	−4.3 to 4.4	40 (19.4)	0.96 (0.89–0.98)	3.9	−9.5 to 12.8
Passive right rotation		50 (18.8)	0.99 (0.97–0.99)	1.9	−6.9 to 5.1	44 (18.4)	0.89 (0.67–0.96)	6.1	−10.3 to 19.9
Passive left rotation		55 (20.3)	0.99 (0.98–0.99)	2	−6.6 to 6.3	45 (22.0)	0.85 (0.60–0.94)	8.5	−17.4 to 29.4
Passive right lateral flexion		26 (11.0)	0.98 (0.97–0.99)	1.6	−4.4 to 4.0	23 (10.1)	0.77 (0.36–0.92)	4.8	−16.6 to7.9
Passive left lateral flexion		32 (9.3)	0.98 (0.95–0.99)	1.3	−4.3 to 2.6	30 (10.5)	0.88 (0.70–0.95)	3.6	−8.4 to 12.2
Total passive ROM		240 (80.1)	0.99 (0.99–0.99)	8	−16.0 to 10.1	213 (90.4)	0.96 (0.90–0.99)	18.1	−42.1 to 59.3