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Role of ROS in APP processing. (A) Excess ROS are produced by dysfunctional mitochondria. (B) ROS oxidizes thioredoxin, releasing it from ASK1. (C) ASK1 causes JNK activation. (D) Alternatively, ROS oxidizes GST, releasing JNK. (E) Activated JNK deacetylates histones and demethylates APP, BACE, and presenilin gene promoters, which leads to increased Aβ production.
