TABLE 3.
STRUCTURAL CHANGES THAT CORRELATE WITH AGE AND COGNITIVE DECLINE
| Correlation with age | Behavioral Correlation(CII) | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CORTICAL VOLUMES | |||
| Dorsal prefrontal cortex reduction | p=0.045 | DNMS p=0.003 | Shamy et al., 2011 |
| Anterior cingulate cortex reduction | p=0.008 | DNMS p=0.026 | Shamy et al., 2011 |
| CORTICAL THICKNESS | |||
| Thinning of prefrontal and sup. temporal cortices | p= 0.003 | DR task. p<0.0081 | Alexander et al., 2008 |
| LAYER 1 | |||
| Area 46;decreased thickness | p<0.01 | DNMS 2″ p<0.252 | Peters et al., 1998b |
| MICROCOLUMN STRENGTH | |||
| Area 46:neuron displacement; reduction in “strength” on minicolumns. | p<0.05 | p<0.01 |
Cruz et al., 2004 Cruz et al., 2009 |
| NERVE CELL LOSS | |||
| Area 8A of frontal cortex (32%) | overall p<0.0001 | DR p<0.01 | Smith et al., 2004 |
| DECREASED FREQUENCY OF SYNAPSES | |||
| Layer 1:Area 46 (30 – 60%) | p<0.01 | p<0.01 | Peters et al., 1998b |
| Layer 2/3: A 46. asymm. synapses (30%) | p<0.01–0.001 | p=0.008 | Peters et al., 2008a; Dumitriu et al., 2010 |
| Layer 2/3: A 46; symm. synapses (30%) | p=0.016 | p=0.07 | Peters et al., 2008a |
| Layer 3:A 46 axospinous synapses (32%) | p<0.01 | DNMS p=0.023 | Dumitriu et a.l, 2010 |
| Layer 2/3:A 46; Increased No. of vesicles in axosomatic terminals | p<0.005 | p=0.022 | Soghomonian et al., 2010 |
| AXONAL BOUTONS | |||
| Dentate gyrus, outer molecular layer | DNMS acquisition | ||
| Increased proportion of nonsynapsing boutons | p<0.01 | p=0.026 | Hara et al., 2011a |
| Decreased proportion of multisynaptic boutons | p<0.044 | p<0.05 | Hara et al., 2011a |
| DENDRITIC SPINES | |||
| A 46;layer3: Loss of thin spines (33%) (No loss of mushroom spines) | p=0.02 | DNMS p=0.043 | Dumitriu et al., 2010 |
| NERVE FIBER LOSS | |||
| Splenium of corpus callosum (30%) | p<0.01 | DRST p>0.052 | Peters and Sethares, unpublished |
| Fornix:EM count (26%) | p<0.0001 | p=0.015 | Peters et al., 2010 |
| Anterior commissure (45%) | p<0.01 | p<0.01 | Sandell and Peters, 2003 |
| FREQUENCY OF ALTERED SHEATHS | |||
| Area17 (5.4%) | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | Peters et al., 2000 |
| Area 46 (6%) | p<0.001 | p=0.001 | Peters and Sethares, 2002b |
| Splenium of corpus callosum (6%) | p>0.001 | p=0.06 | Peters and Sethares, 2002b & unpublishe |
| Fornix (3.5%) | p<0.001 | p=0.06 | Peters et al., 2010 |
| Cingulate bundle (7%) | p<0.0001 | p=0.001 | Bowley et al., 2010 |
| FREQUENCY OF PARANODES | |||
| Area 46 (12%) | p<0.001 | p<0.01 | Peters and Sethares, 2003 |
| FREQUENCY OF ALTERED AXONS | |||
| Cingulate bundle (0.6%) | p<0.0001 | DNMS 2″ p<0.005 | Bowley et al., 2010 |
| Genu of corpus callosum (0.6%) | p<0.0001 | Bowley et al., 2010 | |
| Fornix (0.3%) | p<0.01 | p=0.01 | Peters et al., 2010 |
| FREQUENCY OF NEUROGLIAL CELLS | |||
| Area 17: increase in oligos.(50%) | p=0.012–0.001 | p=0.1 | Peters et al., 2008b |
1
No correlation with DNMS task results
2
No correlations with other behavioral tasks used to determine CII
3
No correlations with DRST task results