Table 1.
Behavioral and Performance measurements.
| Well-rested | Total sleep deprivation |
P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alert | Sleepy | |||
| EEG SCORING | ||||
| Stage 0 (%) | 93.8 ± 7.4 | 81.3 ± 15.7* | 64.4 ± 16.1§§,†† | <0.001 |
| Stage 1A (%) | 6.2 ± 7.4 | 17.5 ± 13.8* | 29.8 ± 13.9§§,†† | <0.001 |
| Stage 1B (%) | 0 ± 0 | 1.1 ± 2.0 | 5.8 ± 4.4§§,†† | <0.001 |
| SUBJECTIVE SLEEPINESS | ||||
| Sleepiness [KSS (1–9)] | 3.0 ± 1.3 | 7.0 ± 1.5** | 8.4 ± 0.6§,†† | <0.001 |
| BEHAVIORAL MEASURES | ||||
| RT [correct responses; mean ± SD (s)] | 0.331 ± 0.038 | 0.373 ± 0.045** | 0.398 ± 0.044§§,†† | 0.001 |
| Omissions (number) | 0.57 ± 0.94 | 2.00 ± 2.91 | 6.93 ± 6.02§§,†† | 0.008 |
| Errors (number) | 1.79 ± 2.16 | 1.79 ± 1.48 | 2.14 ± 2.28 | n.s. |
| SUBJECTIVE MEASURES | ||||
| Difficulty (1–10) | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 4.9 ± 3.1* | 6.2 ± 3.1†† | 0.015 |
| Effort required (1–10) | 4.4 ± 2.3 | 7.2 ± 2.4* | 7.9 ± 2.0†† | 0.013 |
| Effort put in (1–10) | 7.7 ± 1.9 | 7.7 ± 1.8 | 8.2 ± 2.0 | n.s. |
| Motivation (1–10) | 8.3 ± 1.5 | 7.2 ± 2.4* | 7.9 ± 2.3 | 0.028 |
| Concentration (1–10) | 7.1 ± 1.4 | 4.5 ± 2.8* | 4.3 ± 2.8† | 0.031 |
Objective and subjective measurements of sleepiness (EEG scoring, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale) and of performance (behavioral data, subjective effort scores) during the selected runs with highest vigilance according to EEG criteria of the well-rested and sleep deprived conditions, as well as for the run most affected by sleepiness after TSD. p-Values of a repeated measures ANOVA are given; n.s., not significant. “*” and “**” denote significant post hoc differences (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) between the well-rested and the sleep deprived, but still alert condition. “†” and “††” denote significant post hoc differences (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) between the well-rested and the sleep deprived condition with dominating sleepiness. “§” and “§” denote pair-wise differences between the two sleep deprived conditions.