. 2012 May;191(1):261–277. doi: 10.1534/genetics.111.136440

Table 1. Expected offspring phenotype as a function of their own genotype and the genotype of their mother.

	Offspring genotype
	A₁A₁	A₁A₂	A₂A₂	Maternal litter average
Maternal genotype
A₁A₁	+a_m +a_o $(p_{1}^{3})$	+a_m +d_o $(p_{1}^{2} p_{2})$	—	+a_m + p₂d_o + p₁a_o
A₁A₂	+d_m +a_o $(p_{1}^{2} p_{2})$	+d_m +d_o $(p_{1}^{2} p_{2} + p_{1} p_{2}^{2})$	+d_m –a_o $(p_{1} p_{2}^{2})$	+d_m + $\frac{1}{2}$ d_o + $\frac{1}{2}$ a_o(p₁ – p₂)
A₂A₂	—	–a_m +d_o $(p_{1} p_{2}^{2})$	–a_m –a_o $(p_{2}^{3})$	–a_m + p₁d_o – p₂a_o
Offspring average	+a_o + p₂d_m + p₁a_m	+d_o + $\frac{1}{2}$ d_m + $\frac{1}{2}$ a_m(p₁ – p₂)	–a_o + p₁d_m – p₂a_m

Each cell gives the direct (subscripted “o”) and maternal (subscripted “m”) effects that contribute to the phenotype of an offspring as a function of the maternal–offspring genotype combination. The cells with dashes exist under Mendelian inheritance. The expected phenotypes of the offspring associated with each maternal genotype are given as row means and the average phenotype of each offspring genotype is given by the column means. The frequencies of each maternal–offspring genotype combination are shown in parentheses (Wade 1998).