Figure 4. Effects of pressure overload on the myocardial expression of genes encoding TGF-βs and the nuclear protein accumulation of the canonical effectors, phospho-Smad2/3.

mRNA relative expressions of TGF-β1 (A) , TGF-β2 (B) and TGF-β3 (C), and representative western blots showing the nuclear expression levels of phospho-Samd2/3 (loading control: ELK1) (D) in female and male mice under the following conditions: sham operated, castrated (CAST), subjected to aortic arch constriction (TAC), and castrated subjected to TAC (CAST+TAC). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 (ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test).