Figure 3. Mechanisms and protective strategies for Neriifolin-induced DA neuronal death.

(A) Treatment with Neriifolin in the presence of high K⁺ in the medium significantly decreased DA neuronal loss compared to the treatment with Neriifolin alone. Data are the averages ± SEM from 6 embryos in a single experiment that was repeated twice with similar results. (B) Treatment with Neriifolin in the presence of low Na⁺ in the medium significantly decreased DA neuronal loss compared to the treatment with Neriifolin alone. Data are the averages ± SEM from 8 embryos in a single experiment that was repeated twice with similar results. (C–D) Treatment with either Quercetin (C) or Ascorbic Acid (D) significantly decreased DA neuronal death compared to treatment with Neriifolin alone. Data are the averages ± SEM from 8 embryos in a single experiment that was repeated twice with similar results.