Figure 1. The flowchart of the timetable of this study is shown.

Outbred miniature swine underwent hemi-facial allotransplantation (day 0). Group I consisted of the control cohort that did not undergo immunosuppressive therapy. Group II received MSCs alone (2.5×10⁷ MSCs/dose, given on days −1, +1, +3, +7, +14, and +21). Group III received cyclosporine A (CsA) for 4 weeks (days 0 to +28; 10 mg/kg for 2 weeks, followed by 5 mg/kg for 2 weeks). Group IV received CsA (days 0 to +28) and MSCs (given on days −1, +1, +3, +7, +14, and +21).