Table II.
Effects of self-awareness of cognitive impairment on age, HIV status, mood disorders and neuropsychological test performance.
| Underestimators n = 6 |
Good awareness n = 56 |
Impaired awareness n = 13 |
Effect sizes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 45.12 (10.34) | 48.79 (10.12) | 41.73 (8.87) | F2,72 = 2.812† | η2 = 0.072 |
| HIV infected, % | 33.3 | 76.8 | 53.8 | χ22 = 6.586* | 0.296 |
| Drug abuse, present, % | 0 | 10.7 | 30.8 | χ22 = 4.676† | 0.25 |
| Alcohol abuse, present, % | 0 | 14.3 | 7.7 | χ22 = 1.324 | 0.133 |
| Depression, present, % | 33.3 | 14.3 | 15.4 | χ22 = 1.086 | 0.12 |
| Psychomotor speed | |||||
| Trail making test, part A [34] | 55.17 (21.03) | 53.13 (13.70) | 48.00 (10.97) | F2,72 = 0.843 | η2 = 0.023 |
| Digit symbol substitution task[35] | 56.83 (12.29) | 50.45 (10.04) | 41.38 (6.41) | F2,72 = 6.509* U>GA>IA |
η2 = 0.153 |
| Simple reaction time [36] | 61.23 (10.98) | 48.70 (11.56) | 35.54 (12.23) | F2,65 = 11.28* U, GA > IA |
η2 = 0.258 |
| Trail making test, part B [34] | 59.83 (15.25) | 54.61 (12.84) | 53.50 (12.42) | F2,72 = 1.117 | η2 = 0.030 |
| Visual construction | |||||
| WAIS-R block design [35] | 56.17 (10.25) | 48.13 (12.02) | 47.00 (8.11) | F2,68 = 1.519 | η2 = 0.043 |
| ROCF, copy [37] | 52.33 (6.31) | 47.40 (12.66) | 43.75 (10.74) | F2,72 = 1.048 | η2 = 0.029 |
| Language | |||||
| Boston naming test [38] | 45.20 (9.52) | 52.48 (14.47) | 45.92 (11.32) | F2,67 = 1.631 | η2 = 0.046 |
| Verbal fluency, FAS [39] | 57.83 (13.47) | 51.45 (11.23) | 55.17 (13.39) | F2,71 = 1.150 | η2 = 0.031 |
| Verbal fluency, animals [39] | 59.33 (12.66) | 53.13 (9.57) | 53.50 (12.42) | F2,71 = 0.987 | η2 = 0.027 |
| Memory | |||||
| CVLT, total [40] | 47.33 (14.00) | 48.31 (11.47) | 44.08 (13.00) | F2,64 = 0.601 | η2 = 0.018 |
| CVLT, delayed recall [40] | 51.67 (8.96) | 50.35 (12.78) | 47.83 (13.15) | F2,64 = 0.249 | η2 = 0.008 |
| ROCF, immediate recall [37] | 58.83 (5.42) | 49.70 (12.27) | 40.77 (13.54) | F2,72 = 5.034* U>IA |
η2 = 0.123 |
| ROCF, delayed recall [37] | 57.83 (8.52) | 48.79 (11.42) | 41.85 (11.59) | F2,72 = 4.329* U>IA |
η2 = 0.107 |
| Digit span, verbal | 49.67% (31.17) | 57.31% (29.97) | 39.31% (33.24) | F2,70 = 1.869 | η2 = 0.050 |
| Digit span, pointing | 56.67% (17.85) | 50.39% (34.21) | 30.00% (24.02) | F2,70 = 2.448† | η2 = 0.065 |
| Motor function | |||||
| Grooved pegboard | 48.17 (8.035) | 43.61 (9.99) | 37.38 (11.46) | F2,72 = 2.875† | η2 = 0.074 |
| Executive function | |||||
| Trail making test, part B [34] | 59.83 (15.25) | 54.61 (12.84) | 53.50 (12.42) | F2,72 = 1.117 | η2 = 0.030 |
| Booklet category test [41] | 56.33 (18.57) | 50.69 (12.10) | 48.11 (17.82) | F2,54 = 0.655 | η2 = 0.024 |
Note. WAIS-R = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised, CVLT = California Verbal Learning Test, ROCF = Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure. All test scores are t scores (mean, SD) except digit span (mean, SD %)
*
p <.05;
†
p ≤ 0.10.
Effect sizes for η2 are Cramer’s V statistics. U = Underestimators; GA = Good Awareness; IA = Impaired Awareness.