Table 4.

Bivariate and adjusted linear mixed effects model results for ratings of health warning label credibility, relevance and impact

		Credibility		Relevance		Perceived impact
		Bivariate B (SE)	Adjusted B* (SE)	Bivariate B (SE)	Adjusted B* (SE)	Bivariate B (SE)	Adjusted B* (SE)
Age (continuous)		0.02[0.01]c	0.04[0.01]c	0.06[0.01]c	0.07[0.01]c	0.02[0.01]c	0.04[0.01]c
Sex	Female	Ref.	Ref	Ref.	Ref	Ref.	Ref
Male		−0.05[0.11]	−0.05[0.11]	0.23[0.17]	0.12[0.17]	0.14[0.12]	0.15[0.12]
Education
Secondary or less		Ref.	Ref	Ref.	Ref	Ref.	ref
Technical school		−0.41[0.20]a	−0.45[0.20]a	−0.47[0.30]	−0.53[0.30]a	−0.25[0.21]	−0.3[0.21]
High school		−0.49[0.14]b	−0.39[0.14]b	−0.53[0.21]a	−0.34[0.21]	−0.50[0.15]b	−0.40[0.15]b
University or more		−0.54[0.16]b	−0.58[0.17]c	0.03[0.24]	−0.12[0.24]	−0.42[0.17]a	−0.47[0.17]b
Smoking behavior
Nonsmoker		−0.03[0.15]	0.14[0.15]	0.02[0.22]	0.43[0.22]a	−0.04[0.15]	0.15[0.16]
Nondaily smoker		Ref.	Ref	Ref.	Ref	Ref.	Ref
Daily smoker, < 5 per day		−0.36[0.16]a	−0.46[0.16]b	0.19[0.24]	0.03[0.24]	−0.40[0.17]a	−0.50[0.17]b
Daily smoker, 5 or more per day		−0.34[0.15]a	−0.52[0.15]b	0.71[0.23]b	0.37[0.23]	−0.38[0.16]a	−0.58[0.16]b
Warning topic
Throat cancer		Ref.	Ref	Ref.	Ref	Ref.	Ref
Stroke		0.05[0.12]	0.05[0.12]	0.01[0.18]	−0.01[0.17]	0.22 [0.12]	0.23[0.12]a
Premature birth		0.39[0.06]c	0.39[0.06]c	−0.02[0.07]	−0.01[0.07]	0.31[0.04]c	0.31[0.04]c
Lung cancer		0.54[0.12]c	0.60[0.12]c	0.38[0.17]a	0.40[0.17]a	0.55[0.12]c	0.60[0.12]c
Heart attack		0.12[0.05]a	0.19[0.05]c	0.53[0.06]c	0.57[0.06]c	0.19[0.04]c	0.23[0.04]c
Addiction		−0.10[0.12]	−0.11[0.12]	0.14[0.18]	0.12[0.17]	−0.09[0.12]	−0.09[0.12]
Textual content
Testimonial		Ref.	Ref	Ref.	Ref	Ref.	Ref
Didactic		0.36[0.03]c	0.41[0.03]c	0.23[0.04]c	0.31[0.04]c	0.22[0.03]c	0.27[0.03]c
Interaction*
Text X Education			0.14[0.02]c		0.08[0.03]b		0.07[0.018]c
Low education stratum**
Testimonial		Ref.	Ref	Ref.	Ref	Ref.	Ref
Didactic		0.03[0.11]	0.13[0.07]	0.10[0.08]	0.15[0.05]b	0.08[0.08]	0.13[0.04]c
High education stratum**
Testimonial		Ref.	Ref	Ref.	Ref	Ref.	Ref
Didactic		0.33[0.08]c	0.40[0.05]c	0.49[0.06]c	0.55[0.04]c	0.30[0.06]c	0.55[0.03]c

^ap<0.05;

^bp<0.01;

^cp<0.001

^*adjusted model results include all variables shown in the table, except for the interaction coefficient. Adjusted models with interactions were estimated in a separate model that included all covariates (coefficients not shown).

^**results from analyses stratified by education level, with low education having technical, secondary education or lower, and high education having high school or higher. Adjusted models included the same variables described above (covariate coefficents not shown).