. 2012 May;102(5):e17–e25. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300590

TABLE 3—

Results of Linear Mixed Models Testing Differences for Time, Modality, and Time-by-Treatment-Type Interaction: Addiction Treatment Programs, New York State, 2008–2009

	Outpatient, Mean (SD)		Methadone, Mean (SD)		Residential, Mean (SD)		Time		Treatment Type		Time by Treatment Type
	Before Policy	After Policy	Before Policy	After Policy	Before Policy	After Policy	F	P	F	P	F	P
Staff^a ^b
Knowledge^c	4.11 (0.73)	4.23 (0.52)	4.05 (0.69)	4.30 (0.62)	4.07 (0.66)	4.03 (0.74)	1.48_1,100	.23	1.32_2,100	.27	^d
Beliefs	3.75 (0.51)	3.75 (0.55)	3.73 (0.65)	3.85 (0.51)	3.88 (0.54)	3.75 (0.63)	0.00_1,98	.97	0.49_2,98	.62	^d
Barriers	1.99 (0.53)	2.01 (0.54)	2.16 (0.61)	2.06 (0.61)	2.07 (0.64)	1.97 (0.61)	2.14_1,64	.15	0.12_2,64	.89	^d
Efficacy	3.37 (0.47)	3.29 (0.39)	3.23 (0.48)	3.33 (0.56)	3.38 (0.52)	3.12 (0.69)	1.86_1,65	.18	0.64_2,65	.53	4.74_2,65	.01
Practice	3.48 (0.84)	3.35 (0.83)	2.79 (0.98)	3.23 (1.08)	3.23 (1.01)	2.89 (0.92)	1.10_1,62	.3	1.35_2,62	.27	9.04_2,62	<.001
Client^e
Knowledge^f	3.72 (0.75)	3.76 (0.81)	3.48 (0.80)	3.50 (0.90)	3.82 (0.66)	3.70 (0.74)	0.01_1,710	.92	0.70_2,710	.5	^d
Attitudes	3.13 (0.81)	2.97 (0.79)	3.08 (0.71)	3.33 (0.71)	3.15 (0.92)	2.80 (0.86)	0.32_1,673	.57	0.34_2,673	.71	8.42_2,673	<.001
Program services	2.77 (1.20)	2.70 (1.07)	2.51 (1.24)	3.17 (1.18)	3.92 (0.94)	3.13 (1.12)	0.83_1,458	.36	16.69_2,458	<.001	14.82_2,458	<.001
Clinician services	2.30 (1.23)	2.13 (1.01)	2.08 (1.12)	2.55 (1.15)	2.70 (1.05)	2.30 (1.23)	0.62_1,457	.43	1.55_2,457	.21	5.06_2,457	.007

^{^a}

Analysis controlled for demographics (age, gender, Hispanic ethnicity, race, education, current smoker) and for whether the baseline data collection occurred before or after the policy implementation date. Staff analyses also controlled for whether staff were in recovery. Client analyses also controlled for employment and primary substance.

^{^b}

Outpatient program staff before policy n = 33; after policy n = 34. Methadone program staff before policy n = 50; after policy n = 55. Residential program staff before policy n = 152; after policy n = 148.

^{^c}

All scales ranged from 1 to 5. Higher scores reflect more knowledge, more favorable beliefs about treating tobacco, and more tobacco practices delivered by staff or services received by clients. For the barriers scale only, a lower score is better. Scale means (SD) include all staff for knowledge and belief scales, and clinical staff only for barriers, efficacy, and practice scales.

^{^d}

Preliminary analyses showed no time-by-modality interaction, so this effect was dropped from the model.

^{^e}

Outpatient program clients before policy n = 80; after policy n = 70. Methadone program clients before policy n = 100; after policy n = 103. Residential program clients before policy n = 229; after policy n = 238.

^{^f}

Scale means (SD) include all clients for knowledge and attitudes scales, and smokers only for remaining scales.