Figure 4. Observer shape settings (Gradient-only) for the ‘Incongruent Training’ group.

Mean angle settings as a function of physical angle are shown for each of 4 observers separately. Error bars show standard error of the mean. ‘Incongruent Training’ consisted of a short video with the gradient cue indicating the opposite shape to the outline cue. For example: −40 degree shading displayed with +40 degree outline. Only one of the four observers (GD) made the ‘reversed’ pattern of settings that would be expected if they relied on memory of the training video.