Table 1.
Crude and Adjusted Relationships between Covariates and Depressive Symptom Severity
| Crude Analysis | Adjusted Analysis1 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No/Minimal Depression (0–4) |
Mild Depression (5–9) |
Moderate to Severe Depression (≥10) |
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Covariate | % | % | % | ||||
| Age2 | |||||||
| Continuous (years)3 | 46.8 ± 0.5 | 46.0 ± 0.7 | 46.0 ± 0.7 | 1.00 | (0.99, 1.00) | 0.98 | (0.98, 0.99) |
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 82.6 | 12.3 | 5.1 | reference | reference | ||
| Female | 74.4 | 17.1 | 8.5 | 1.64 | (1.50, 1.79) | 1.55 | (1.38, 1.74) |
| Race | |||||||
| White | 79.2 | 14.6 | 6.2 | reference | reference | ||
| Black | 75.9 | 14.2 | 9.9 | 1.25 | (1.03, 1.51) | 1.00 | (0.86, 1.17) |
| Other | 76.5 | 15.9 | 7.6 | 1.18 | (0.99, 1.39) | 0.94 | (0.78, 1.12) |
| Education | |||||||
| < HS | 69.7 | 19.0 | 11.3 | reference | reference | ||
| HS/GED | 76.2 | 15.1 | 8.7 | 0.72 | (0.62, 0.84) | 0.89 | (0.74, 1.07) |
| > HS | 82.1 | 13.3 | 4.6 | 0.49 | (0.42, 0.57) | 0.78 | (0.66, 0.91) |
| Marital Status | |||||||
| Married/Living with Partner | 81.2 | 13.3 | 5.5 | reference | reference | ||
| Widowed | 74.1 | 20.1 | 5.8 | 1.46 | (1.20, 1.78) | 1.40 | (1.11, 1.77) |
| Divorced/Separated | 68.6 | 17.1 | 14.4 | 2.09 | (1.75, 2.50) | 1.65 | (1.36, 1.99) |
| Never Married | 76.2 | 17.0 | 6.8 | 1.34 | (1.12, 1.59) | 1.14 | (0.97, 1.35) |
| Smoking Status | |||||||
| Never | 81.6 | 13.6 | 4.9 | reference | reference | ||
| Former | 80.4 | 14.2 | 5.5 | 1.08 | (0.92, 1.27) | 1.10 | (0.93, 1.31) |
| Current | 69.2 | 18.1 | 12.6 | 2.05 | (1.79, 2.34) | 1.63 | (1.36, 1.94) |
| Health Status | |||||||
| Excellent | 92.8 | 6.1 | 1.1 | reference | reference | ||
| Very Good | 87.9 | 10.1 | 2.0 | 1.76 | (1.25, 2.48) | 1.69 | (1.18, 2.43) |
| Good | 77.3 | 16.4 | 6.4 | 3.83 | (2.70, 5.44) | 3.55 | (2.47, 5.10) |
| Fair | 55.8 | 26.8 | 17.4 | 10.71 | (7.28, 15.75) | 9.73 | (6.52, 14.53) |
| Poor | 24.1 | 28.8 | 47.1 | 47.51 | (32.71, 69.00) | 38.24 | (25.80, 56.67) |
| Antidepressants | |||||||
| No | 81.2 | 13.3 | 5.4 | reference | reference | ||
| Yes | 54.7 | 26.6 | 18.6 | 3.66 | (3.20, 4.20) | 3.04 | (2.68, 3.45) |
| Fish Oil Supplements | |||||||
| No | 78.0 | 14.9 | 7.1 | reference | reference | ||
| Yes | 82.4 | 13.9 | 3.7 | 0.74 | (0.57, 0.96) | 0.97 | (0.72, 1.30) |
| Total Energy Intake (Kcal)3 | 2150.4 ± 14.3 | 2110.5 ± 38.5 | 1980.2 ± 43.9 | 1.00 | (1.00, 1.00) | 1.00 | (1.00, 1.00) |
1
Adjusted values reported here are from multivariable models of depression and 4-level categorical all fish consumption in the last 30 days. Adjusted covariate ORs and 95% CI from the other multivariable models were very similar across categorical and dichotomous classifications of fish, shellfish, and EPA/DHA consumption.
2
Age was assessed categorically in the crude analysis to assess for any non-linear trends, but as no clear trends emerged, this variable was entered continuously into the multivariable analyses.
3
Mean ± standard deviation of age and total energy intake is reported by depression level.