Table 4.
Association of Cardiorespiratory Fitness with Serum Bicarbonate and Anion Gap
| Association of Estimated VO2max (mL/kg/min) with Serum Bicarbonate and Anion Gap
| |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient (95% CI)
|
|||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Bicarbonate | |||
| Continuous* | 1.46 (1.00 to 1.93) | 0.65 (0.24 to 1.05) | 0.88 (0.44 to 1.31) |
| < 24 mEq/L | [Ref] | [Ref] | [Ref] |
| 24–25 mEq/L | 0.73 (−0.53 to 1.99) | −0.03 (−1.32 to 1.25) | 0.18 (−1.08 to 1.44) |
| 25.1–26.9 mEq/L | 2.72 (1.52 to 3.91) | 1.41 (0.13 to 2.69) | 1.70 (0.41 to 2.98) |
| ≥ 27 mEq/L | 3.76 (2.17 to 5.35) | 1.49 (0.07 to 2.90) | 1.85 (0.38 to 3.32) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.008 | 0.002 |
| Anion Gap | |||
| Continuous* | −1.07 (−1.56 to −0.58) | −1.05 (−1.49 to −0.61) | −0.97 (−1.42 to −0.52) |
| < 8.60 mEq/L | [Ref] | [Ref] | [Ref] |
| 8.60–10.25 mEq/L | −1.54 (−2.81 to −0.27) | −1.19 (−2.35 to −0.03) | −1.04 (−2.08 to 0.01) |
| 10.26–11.90 mEq/L | −2.41 (−3.63 to −1.20) | −2.08 (−3.13 to −1.03) | −1.90 (−2.80 to −0.99) |
| ≥ 11.91 mEq/L | −2.77 (−3.91 to −1.63) | −2.50 (−3.67 to −1.33) | −2.24 (−3.44 to −1.04) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Odds Ratio of Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness by Serum Bicarbonate and Anion Gap
| |||
|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | |||
|
| |||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Bicarbonate | |||
| Continuous* | 0.84 (0.74–0.95) | 0.85 (0.75–0.96) | 0.80 (0.70–0.92) |
| < 24 mEq/L | [Ref] | [Ref] | [Ref] |
| 24–25 mEq/L | 0.64 (0.43–0.94) | 0.64 (0.43–0.95) | 0.62 (0.39–0.99) |
| 25.1–26.9 mEq/L | 0.73 (0.49–1.08) | 0.73 (0.49–1.08) | 0.69 (0.44–1.08) |
| ≥ 27 mEq/L | 0.65 (0.41–1.03) | 0.68 (0.42–1.09) | 0.64 (0.37–1.10) |
| P for trend | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.11 |
| Anion Gap | |||
| Continuous* | 1.32 (1.16–1.51) | 1.32 (1.15–1.52) | 1.30 (1.15–1.48) |
| < 8.60 mEq/L | [Ref] | [Ref] | [Ref] |
| 8.60–10.25 mEq/L | 1.88 (1.28–2.77) | 1.79 (1.21–2.65) | 1.74 (1.15–2.62) |
| 10.26–11.90 mEq/L | 1.69 (1.19–2.41) | 1.67 (1.16–2.38) | 1.62 (1.16–2.26) |
| ≥ 11.91 mEq/L | 2.54 (1.78–3.62) | 2.48 (1.73–3.55) | 2.33 (1.68–3.22) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. Bold values indicate p<0.05.
Model 1: unadjusted
Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity
Model 3: Model 2 + adjusted for BMI, poverty, education, activity level, smoking status, estimated dietary potential renal acid load, fasting time, soft drink consumption, diuretic use, use of cholesterol-lowering medications, diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, systolic blood pressure, eGFR, log-transformed urine albumin-creatinine ratio, serum albumin, potassium, calcium, phosphate, hemoglobin, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, log-transformed CRP, and (for bicarbonate models) serum sodium and chloride
Per standard deviation higher serum bicarbonate (SD = 2.16 mEq/L) and adjusted anion gap (SD = 2.36 mEq/L), respectively.