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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012 Mar 3;36(5):1418–1441. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.02.015

Table 1.

Role of CRF, hypocretin, NPY, and norepinephrine in nicotine withdrawal.

Drugs Depressive-like
behavior		 Anxiety-like
behavior		 Somatic
withdrawal
signs		 Increased nicotine
intake after period
of abstinence		 Stress-induced
reinstatement of
nicotine seeking
CRF1 receptor antagonist ↓ ↓ n/a ↓ ↓
Hypocretin-1 receptor antagonist n/a n/a ↓ n/a –
Y1 receptor agonist – n/a ↓ n/a n/a
α1-adrenoceptor antagonist ↓ n/a – n/a n/a
α2-adrenoceptor agonist – n/a ↓ n/a ↓
β1/β2-adrenoceptor antagonist – n/a ↓ n/a n/a

Arrows (↓) indicate that systemic or intracerebroventricular administration of drugs decreases a specific behavior. Minus signs (–) indicate that the drugs are ineffective. The data in this table are based on previous studies (Bruijnzeel et al., 2009; Bruijnzeel et al., 2010; George et al., 2007; Plaza-Zabala et al., 2010, 2012; Rylkova et al., 2008; Zislis et al., 2007).

Abbreviations: CRF1 receptor, corticotropin releasing factor type 1 receptor; Y1 receptor, Neuropeptide Y type 1 receptor; n/a, data not available.