Table 2.
Bivariate associations between HIV disclosure and socio-demographics, sexual transmission behaviors, disease status and other characteristics among HIV-positive MSM in Asia (N = 416)
| Disclosed (N = 136) | Non-disclosed (N = 280) | χ2 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||
| Country | ||||
| Philippines | 9/17 (52.9%) | 8/17 (47.1%) | 16.44 | 0.06 |
| Hong Kong | 16/37 (43.2%) | 21/37 (56.8%) | ||
| Malaysia | 19/46 (41.3%) | 27/46 (58.7%) | ||
| Indonesia | 6/15 (40.0%) | 9/15 (60.0%) | ||
| Taiwan | 28/84 (33.3%) | 56/84 (66.7%) | ||
| Thailand | 22/66 (33.3%) | 44/66 (66.7%) | ||
| Singapore | 19/62 (30.7%) | 43/62 (69.4%) | ||
| Japan | 10/39 (25.6%) | 29/39 (74.4%) | ||
| China | 5/42 (11.9%) | 37/42 (88.1%) | ||
| Other | 2/8 (25.0%) | 6/8 (75.0%) | ||
| Age | ||||
| 18–29 | 37/115 (31.2%) | 78/115 (67.8%) | 0.23 | 0.89 |
| 30–39 | 62/183 (33.9%) | 121/183 (66.1%) | ||
| 40+ | 37/118 (31.4%) | 81/118 (68.6%) | ||
| Employment | ||||
| Fulltime/Student | 113/339 (33.3%) | 226/339 (66.7%) | 0.41 | 0.81 |
| Unemployed/Social Security | 11/35 (31.4%) | 24/35 (68.6%) | ||
| Other | 12/42 (28.6%) | 30/42 (71.4%) | ||
| Education | ||||
| College/postgraduate | 85/251 (33.9%) | 166/251 (66.1%) | 1.73 | 0.42 |
| Tech/some college | 33/117 (28.2%) | 84/117 (71.8%) | ||
| High school or less | 18/48 (37.5%) | 30/48 (62.5%) | ||
| Sexual orientation | ||||
| Gay | 125/385 (32.5%) | 260/385 (67.5%) | 0.12 | 0.73 |
| Bisexual/Heterosexual/Other | 11/31 (35.5%) | 20/31 (64.5%) | ||
| Relationship status | ||||
| Regular partner | 71/162 (43.8%) | 91/162 (56.2%) | 14.95 | <0.01 |
| Non-regular partner | 65/254 (25.6%) | 189/254 (74.4%) | ||
| Main way meeting partner | ||||
| Internet | 92/263 (35.0%) | 171/263 (65.0%) | 11.60 | <0.01 |
| Bar/Dance party/Gym/Friend | 17/33 (51.5%) | 16/33 (48.5%) | ||
| Public cruising/Sex party/Gay sauna | 27/120 (22.5%) | 93/120 (77.5%) | ||
| Number of partners | ||||
| One | 26/56 (46.4%) | 30/56 (53.6%) | 6.35 | 0.09 |
| 2–5 | 59/181 (32.6%) | 122/181 (67.4%) | ||
| 6–10 | 23/77 (29.9%) | 54/77 (70.1%) | ||
| More than 11 | 28/102 (27.5%) | 74/102 (72.5%) | ||
| HIV disclosure from partner | ||||
| All/Some | 80/95 (84.2%) | 15/95 (15.8%) | 148.50 | <0.01 |
| None | 56/321 (17.5%) | 265/321 (82.5%) | ||
| UIAI | ||||
| No | 41/135 (30.4%) | 94/135 (69.6%) | 0.49 | 0.48 |
| Yes | 95/281 (33.8%) | 186/281 (66.2%) | ||
| URAI | ||||
| No | 39/135 (28.9%) | 96/135 (71.1%) | 1.31 | 0.25 |
| Yes | 97/281 (34.5%) | 184/281 (65.5%) | ||
| UIAI with internal ejaculation | ||||
| No | 87/285 (30.5%) | 198/285 (69.5%) | 1.92 | 0.16 |
| Yes | 49/131 (37.4%) | 82/131 (62.6%) | ||
| URAI with internal ejaculation | ||||
| No | 75/237 (31.6%) | 162/237 (68.4%) | 0.27 | 0.60 |
| Yes | 61/179 (34.1%) | 118/179 (65.9%) | ||
| Drug before sex | ||||
| Never | 72/249 (28.9%) | 177/249 (71.1%) | 7.31 | 0.06 |
| Once or a few times | 37/104 (35.6%) | 67/104 (64.4%) | ||
| At least monthly | 23/48 (47.9%) | 25/48 (52.1%) | ||
| Every week | 4/15 (26.7%) | 11/15 (73.3%) | ||
| Alcohol before sex | ||||
| Never | 71/246 (28.9%) | 175/246 (71.1%) | 4.60 | 0.20 |
| Once or a few times | 48/127 (37.8%) | 79/127 (62.2%) | ||
| At least monthly | 11/25 (44.0%) | 14/25 (56.0%) | ||
| Every week | 6/18 (33.3%) | 12/18 (66.7%) | ||
| Time of diagnosis | ||||
| >=5 years ago | 43/106 (40.6%) | 63/106 (59.4%) | 4.02 | 0.13 |
| Between 1–5 years ago | 58/192 (30.2%) | 134/192 (69.8%) | ||
| Within the past 12 months | 35/118 (29.7%) | 83/118 (70.3%) | ||
| On ART | ||||
| Yes | 80/235 (34.0%) | 155/235 (66.0%) | 0.45 | 0.50 |
| No | 56/181 (30.9%) | 125/181 (69.1%) | ||
| Viral load | ||||
| Undetectable | 63/177 (35.6%) | 114/177 (64.4%) | 4.88 | 0.09 |
| Detectable | 56/162 (34.6%) | 106/162 (65.4%) | ||
| DK/Unsure | 17/77 (22.1%) | 60/77 (77.9%) | ||
| Main source of support | ||||
| Government HIV clinic | 14/71 (19.7%) | 57/71 (80.3%) | 8.46 | 0.08 |
| Family/friends/partner | 83/238 (34.9%) | 155/238 (65.1%) | ||
| Social services/support group/NGO | 16/47 (34.0%) | 31/47 (66.0%) | ||
| Doctor | 6/11 (54.6%) | 5/11 (45.4%) | ||
| Other | 17/49 (34.7%) | 32/49 (65.3%) | ||
Note: UIAI = unprotected insertive anal intercourse; URAI = unprotected receptive anal intercourse; ART = antiretroviral treatment.