TABLE 2.
Race Associations With Analgesia and Opioid Adverse Effect Outcomes
| OSA | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | All | ||||||
| Median (IQR) or N (%) | P | Median (IQR) or N (%) | P | Median (IQR) or N (%) | P | |||
| Intraoperative morphine, mg/kg | AA | 0.20 (0.20–0.24) | .36 | 0.19 (0.13–0.20) | .15 | 0.20 (0.14–0.20) | .72 | |
| Caucasian | 0.20 (0.19–0.23) | 0.17 (0.10–0.20) | 0.19 (0.16–0.21) | |||||
| Postoperative morphine, mg/kg | AA | 0.08 (0–0.13) | .22 | 0.10 (0.05–0.19) | <.0001 | 0.10 (0.04–0.18) | <.0001 | |
| Caucasian | 0.04 (0–0.09) | 0.04 (0–0.08) | 0.04 (0–0.09) | |||||
| Maximum FLACC score | AA | 4 (0–5.5) | .48 | 6 (4–8) | <.0001 | 5 (3.75–8) | <.0001 | |
| Caucasian | 2 (0–4.25) | 2 (0–5) | 2 (0–5) | |||||
| No. of analgesic interventions | AA | 1 (0–2.5) | .27 | 1 (1–2.5) | .0003 | 1 (1–2.25) | <.0001 | |
| Caucasian | 1 (0–1) | 1 (0–1) | 1 (0–1) | |||||
| Prolonged PACU stay due to pain | No | AA | 7 (78) | .49 | 7 (28) | <.0001 | 14 (41) | .0054 |
| Caucasian | 58 (64) | 51 (74) | 109 (68) | |||||
| Yes | AA | 2 (22) | 18 (72) | 20 (59) | ||||
| Caucasian | 33 (36) | 18 (26) | 51 (32) | |||||
| Analgesic intervention need in PACU | No | AA | 3 (33) | .73 | 2 (8) | .0012 | 5 (15) | .0010 |
| Caucasian | 41 (45) | 30 (43) | 71 (44) | |||||
| Yes | AA | 6 (67) | 23 (92) | 29 (85) | ||||
| Caucasian | 50 (55) | 39 (57) | 89 (56) | |||||
| Opioid related side effects | No | AA | 1 (13) | .99 | 7 (29) | .06 | 8 (25) | .12 |
| Caucasian | 13 (15) | 8 (12) | 21 (14) | |||||
| Yes | AA | 7 (87) | 17 (71) | 24 (75) | ||||
| Caucasian | 73 (85) | 59 (88) | 132 (86) | |||||
| Prolonged PACU stay due to opioid side effects | No | AA | 4 (80) | .99 | 17 (89) | .21 | 21 (88) | .29 |
| Caucasian | 58 77) | 42 (74) | 100 (76) | |||||
| Yes | AA | 1 (20) | 2 (11) | 3 (12) | ||||
| Caucasian | 17 (23) | 15 (26) | 32 (24) | |||||
| RD | No | AA | 6 (67) | .39 | 20 (80) | .99 | 26 (76) | .64 |
| Caucasian | 73 (80) | 56 (81) | 129 (81) | |||||
| Yes | AA | 3 (33) | 5 (20) | 8 (24) | ||||
| Caucasian | 18 (20) | 13 (19) | 31 (19) | |||||
| PONV | No | AA | 9 (100) | .35 | 22 (88) | .55 | 31 (91) | .30 |
| Caucasian | 77 (85) | 56 (81) | 133 (83) | |||||
| Yes | AA | 0 (0) | 3 (12) | 3 (9) | ||||
| Caucasian | 14 (15) | 13 (19) | 27 (17) | |||||
| Pruritus | No | AA | 3 (38) | .69 | 11 (44) | .07 | 14 (42) | .09 |
| Caucasian | 25 (28) | 16 (24) | 41 (26) | |||||
| Yes | AA | 5 (63) | 14 (56) | 19 (58) | ||||
| Caucasian | 64 (72) | 51 (76) | 115 (74) | |||||
Continuous variables were shown as median (interquartile range [IQR]) and were compared by using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test; categorical variables were shown as number (proportion) and were compared by using Fisher’s exact test. AA, African-American; RD, respiratory depression; PONV, postoperative nausea and vomiting.