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ELISA assays showing phosphorylation levels of Src (a), ERK1/2 (b), Akt (c), and CREB (d) for HPDE6-C7, BxPC-3 and Panc-1. Nicotine significantly (p < 0.001) induced the phosphorylation of all signaling proteins investigated. Propranolol, a beta-blocker, significantly (p < 0.001) reduced base level and nicotine induced phosphorylation of all four proteins. Representative data points are mean and +/− SD from five samples per treatment group.
