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Analysis of apoptosis showed an increase with treatment of TNF-α, but after transfection with TNF-α shRNA, levels of cell death decreased significantly and further decreased in TNF-α shRNA+salmeterol and salmeterol-alone treatment. (*P < 0.05 vs. 5 mM glucose, #P < 0.05 vs. 25 mM glucose, n = 5; $P < 0.05 vs. TNF-α alone).
