Table 1.
Structural imaging studies of individuals at risk for bipolar disorder: study characteristics
| Group; no. (% female) [age, yr] | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Year | Technique | Type of risk | Assessment instruments | Lifetime/current diagnoses HR | Controls | HR | BD |
| Noga et al.1 | 2001 | MRI (ROI) | MZ twins | SCID | None | 22 (54) [30] | 6 (83) [34] | 6 (83) [34] |
| Kieseppä et al.27 | 2003 | MRI (ROI) | MZ and DZ twins | SCID | Anxiety disorder, substance use disorder (alcohol dependence) | 27 (48) [47] | 15 (60) [44] | 24 (46) [44] |
| Ahearn et al.28 | 2002 | MRI (qualitative) | Relatives of BD patients | SCID, DDES | None | 10 [38] | 8 [50] | |
| Connor et al.29 | 2004 | MRI (ROI) | First-degree relatives | SADS-L, FHRDC, FIGS | Nonpsychotic Axis-1 disorders (mostly MDD) | 219 (47) [34] | 54 (52) [44] | 39 (61) [41] |
| McDonald et al.30 | 2004 | MRI (VBM) | First-degree relatives | SADS-L, FIGS, SSP | Axis-1 disorders (mostly MDD) | 50 (52) [44] | 37 (59) [41] | |
| McIntosh et al.31 | 2004 | MRI (VBM+SVC) | First- or second-degree relatives | SADS-L, HAM-D, YMRS, PANSS | None | 49 (53) [35] | 22 (59) [35] | 26 (46) [34] |
| McIntosh et al.32 | 2005 | MRI (VBM+SVC) | First- or second-degree relatives | SADS-L, HAM-D, YMRS, PANSS | None | 49 (53) [35] | 22 (59) [35] | 26 (46) [34] |
| Gulseren et al.33 | 2006 | MRI (qualitative) | Sibling of BD patients | SCID | None | 12 (33) [30] | 12 (50) [29] | 12 (33) [31] |
| McDonald et al.34 | 2006 | MRI (ROI) | First-degree relatives | SADS-L, FIGS, SSP | MDD, panic disorder without agoraphobia | 54 (54) [40] | 52 (52) [44] | |
| McIntosh et al.35 | 2006 | MRI (VBM+SVC) | First- or second-degree relatives | SADS-L, HAM-D, YMRS, PANSS | None | 49 (53) [35] | 22 (59) [35] | |
| Frazier et al.36 | 2007 | DTI | First-degree relative | K-SADS-E, YMRS, CDRS-R, GAF | Anxiety disorder, ADHD, conduct/ODD, pervasive developmental disorder, PTSD | 8 (37) [9] | 7 (43) [9] | |
| Hajek et al.37 | 2008 | MRI (ROI) | Offspring of BD patients | K-SADS-PL/L, HAM-D, YMRS | None | 31 (64) [21] | 24 (62) [20] | 19 (73) [21] |
| Hajek et al.38 | 2008 | MRI (ROI) | First- or second-degree relatives | K-SADS-PL/L | None | 31 (64) [21] | 24 (62) [20] | 19 (73) [21] |
| Ladouceur et al.5 | 2008 | MRI (VBM+SVC) | Healthy bipolar offspring | K-SADS-PL, SCID | Anxiety disorder | 22 (68) [14] | 20 (55) [13] | |
| Mondelli et al.39 | 2008 | MRI (ROI) | First-degree relatives | SADS-L, FIGS, PANSS | None | 46 (52) [40] | 38 (50) [42] | 29 (62) [40] |
| Singh et al.40 | 2008 | MRI (ROI) | Children of BD patients | K-SADS-PL, C-GAS, FIGS | Anxiety disorder, ADHD, cyclothymia, dysthymia, MDD, ODD | 24 (54) [10] | 21 (43) [10] | |
| Chaddock et al.41 | 2009 | DTI | First-degree relatives | SADS-L, BDI, ASRM | MDD, substance-induced mood disorder | 18 (44) [42] | 21 (43) [42] | 19 (53) [43] |
| Kempton et al.42 | 2009 | MRI (VBM–ROI) | First-degree relatives | SCID, HAM-D, YMRS, FIGS, BPRS | MDD | 52 (48) [35] | 50 (52) [34] | 30 (50) [39] |
| Hajek et al.43 | 2009 | MRI (ROI) | Offspring of parents with mood disorder | K-SADS-PL, SADS-L | None | 31 (64) [21] | 26 (65) [20] | 20 (75) [21] |
| Hajek et al.44 | 2010 | MRI (ROI) | Offspring of BD parents | K-SADS-PL, SADS-L | None | 18 (61) [23] | 20 (55) [20] | 15 (73) [22] |
| Hajek et al.45 | 2009 | MRI (ROI) | Relatives of BD patients | K-SADS-PL, SADS-L | None | 31 (64) [21] | 26 (65) [20] | 20 (75) [21] |
| van der Schot et al.46 | 2009 | MRI (ROI) | MZ or DZ twins | SCID, IDS, YMRS, FIGS | Alcohol use disorder, BPD, depressive disorder NOS, dissociative disorder NOS, MDD, mood disorder due to hyperthyroidism, OCD, panic disorder without agoraphobia, personality disorder NOS, schizophrenia (paranoid type) | 134 (57) [39] | 37 [41] | 63 [41] |
| Walterfang et al.47 | 2009 | MRI (ROI) | Relatives of BD patients | SCID, HAM-D, YMRS, BPRS, GAF, FIGS | None | 75 (48) [36] | 45 (51) [35] | 70 (53) [43] |
| Gunde et al.48 | 2010 | MRI (qualitative) | Relatives of BD patients | SADS-L, K-SADS-PL | None | 49 (63) [22] | 79 (68) [21] | 35 (74) [21] |
| Takahashi et al.49 | 2010 | MRI (ROI) | First-degree relatives | SCID, HAM-D, YMRS, FIGS | MDD | 52 (46) [36] | 49 (53) [34] | 29 (48) [40] |
| Forcada et al.50 | 2010 | MRI (VBM) | Relatives of BD patients | SCID, HAM-D, YMRS, BPRS | MDD, anxiety disorder, substance abuse | 27 [21] | 41 [25] | |
| van der Schot et al.51 | 2010 | MRI | MZ or DZ twins | SCID, IDS, YMRS, FIGS | Alcohol use disorder, BPD, depressive disorder NOS, dissociative disorder NOS, MDD, mood disorder due to hyperthyroidism, OCD, panic disorder without agoraphobia, personality disorder NOS, schizophrenia (paranoid type) | 134 (57) [39] | 37 [41] | 63 [41] |
| Versace et al.52 | 2010 | DTI | Offspring of BD parents | SCID, K-SADS-PL, MFQ, CALS, SCARED | None | 25 (72) [14] | 20 (55) [13] | |
ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ASRM = Altman Self-Rated Mania Scale; BD = bipolar disorder; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; BPD = borderline personality disorder; BPRS = Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; CALS = Child Affect Lability Scale; CDRS-R = Children’s Depression Rating Scale-Revised; C-GAS = Child Global Assessment Scale; DDES = Duke Depression Evaluation Schedule; DTI = diffusion tensor imaging; DZ = dizygotic; E-YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale; FHRDC = Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria; FIGS = Family Interview for Genetic Studies; GAF = Global Assessment of Functioning; HAM-D = Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; HR = high risk for bipolar disorder; IDS = Inventory for Depressive Symptomatology; K-SADS-E = Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia; MDD = major depressive disorder; MFQ = Mood and Feelings Questionnaire; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; MZ = monozygotic; NOS = not otherwise specified; OCD = obsessive–compulsive personality disorder; ODD = oppositional defiant disorder; PANSS = Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; ROI = region of interest; SADS-PL/P/L = Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime version; SADS-E = Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Epidemiologic version; SCARED = Screen for Childhood Anxiety and Related Disorders; SCID = Structured Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III/IV; SSP = Schedule of Schizotypal Personalities; SVC = small volume correction; VBM = voxel-based morphometry; YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale.