Table 3.

Functional imaging studies of individuals at risk for bipolar disorder: study characteristics

Study	Year	Technique	Type of risk	Assessment instruments	Task	Lifetime/current diagnoses HR	Group; no. (% female) [age, yr]
							Controls	HR	BD
Cecil et al.53	2003	MRS	Children of BD patient	SCID, K-SADS, C-GAS, YMRS, IDS	—	BD, ADHD, MDD	9 (44) [11]	9 (44) [9]
Gallelli et al. 54	2005	MRS	Offspring of BD parent	K-SADS-PL, SCID, YRMS, CDRS-R	—	Anxiety disorders, ADHD, ODD	26 (35) [14]	28 (32) [12]	32 (31) [14]
Krüger et al. 55	2006	PET	Sibling of BD patients	SCID	Mood induction	None	—	9 (67) [40]	9 (56) [38]
Hajek et al. 38	2008	MRS	First- or second- degree relatives	K-SADS PL/L	—	None	31 (64) [21]	36 (61) [20]	33 (63) [21]
Drapier et al.56	2008	fMRI	First-degree relatives	SADS-L, BDI, FIGS, ASRM	N-back working memory	MDD, substance-induced mood disorder	20 (50) [50]	20 (40) [43]	20 (55) [43]
Costafreda et al.57	2009	fMRI	MZ cotwins	BDI, ASRM, HAM-D, YMRS	Verbal fluency task	None	48 (48) [37]	7 (86) [39]	28 (57) [40]
Thermenos et al.58	2010	fMRI	First-degree relatives	SCID, SANS/SAPS	N-back working memory	Alcohol and drugs abuse or dependence, MDD	19 (53) [39]	18 (56) [36]	19 (42) [41]
Allin et al.59	2010	fMRI	First-degree relatives	SADS-L, ASRM, BDI	Verbal fluency task	MDD, substance- induced mood disorder	19 (47) [40]	19 (42) [40]	18 (61) [39]
Singh et al. 60	2010	MRS	Offspring of BD patients	SCID, KSADS/PL, YMRS, CDRS-R	—	None	20 (25) [15]	20 (50) [13]	20 (35) [16]
Surguladze et al.61	2010	fMRI	Relatives of BD patients	SADS-L, BDI, ASRM	Emotional faces	None	20 (50) [50]	20 (40) [43]	20 (55) [43]

ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ASRM = Altman Self-Rated Mania Scale; BD = bipolar disorder; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; CDRS-R = Children’s Depression Rating Scale-Revised; C-GAS = Child Global Assessment Scale; FIGS = Family Interview for Genetic Studies; fMRI = functional magnetic resonance imaging; HAM-D = Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; HR = high risk for bipolar disorder; IDS = Inventory for Depressive Symptomatology; K-SADS-E = Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia; MDD = major depressive disorder; MRS = magnetic resonance spectroscopy; MZ = monozygotic; ODD = oppositional defiant disorder; PET = positron emission tomography; SADS-PL/P/L/ = Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime version; SANS/SAPS = Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms/Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms; SCID = Structured Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III/IV; YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale.