Table 4.

Functional imaging studies of individuals at risk for bipolar disorder: imaging results

Study	Year	Areas analyzed	FWHM	Tesla	Antip	Main findings
Cecil et al.53	2003	Frontal cortex, frontal white matter, cerebellar vermis	1.5	1.5	Y	Lower levels of cerebellar NAA and creatine and elevated frontal mI levels for children with a mood disorder than healthy children.
Gallelli et al.54	2005	Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	?	3	Y	No significant group differences in prefrontal NAA/creatine rations or in additional metabolites (myoinositol, choline)
Krüger et al.55	2006	Whole brain + ROIs	10	?	N	HR showed increased RBF in the medial frontal cortex while patients showed decreased RBF
Hajek et al.38	2008	Prefrontal cortices	?	1.5	N	No significant differences in choline, creatine, NAA, myoinositol of HR
Drapier et al.56	2008	Whole brain	?	1.5	N	During the 2-back task the HR showed greater activation in the left frontal pole than controls
Costafreda et al.57	2009	Inferior frontal gyrus	8	1.5	N	No significant differences in HR individuals as compared with controls
Thermenos et al.58	2010	Whole brain + ROIs	8	1.5	N	HR failed to suppress activation in the left anterior insula, in the orbitofrontal cortex and superior parietal cortex and showed greater activation than BD in the left frontopolar cortex
Allin et al.59	2010	Whole brain	?	1.5	N	BD and HR showed similar deficits of deactivation in retrosplenial cortex and reduced activation of left prefrontal cortex
Singh et al.60	2010	Anterior cingulate, orbitofrontal cortex	?	3	Y	No significant differences between HR and C
Surguladze et al.61	2010	Whole brain + ROIs	?	1.5	N	Activity in medial prefrontal cortex, left putamen and amygdala is greater in BD and in HR as compared with controls

Antip = antipsychotic exposure; BD = bipolar disorder; C = controls; FWHM = full-width at half-maximum; HR = high risk for bipolar disorder; N = no; NAA = N-acetylaspartate; RBF = regional blood flow; ROI = region of interest; SVC = small volume correction; Y = yes.