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Model showing the mechanisms by which the accumulated bending energy of the membrane is increased in human RBCs. (a) Osmotic shock (hypo- or hypertonic) leads to a reduction of the cell radius, thereby increasing the spontaneous curvature of the bilayer (JSB). (b) Insertion of molecules into the outer monolayer increases the area of the membrane outer leaflet and a subsequent increase in the spontaneous curvature (JSout).
