Table 1.
Diagnostic accuracy of symptoms and signs in predicting urinary tract infection as measured by positive and negative likelihood ratio (LR)*
| Symptom/Sign | Positive LR | Negative LR |
|---|---|---|
| Dysuria | 1.5 | 0.5 |
| Frequency | 1.8 | 0.6 |
| Hematuria | 2 | 0.9 |
| Fever | 1.6 | 0.9 |
| Flank Pain | 1.1 | 0.9 |
| Lower Abdominal Pain | 1.1 | 0.9 |
| Vaginal Discharge | 0.3 | 3.1 |
| Vaginal Irritation | 0.2 | 2.7 |
| Back Pain | 1.6 | 0.8 |
| Self-diagnosis | 4 | 0.1 |
| Vaginal Discharge on Physical Examination | 0.7 | 1.1 |
| Costovertebral Angle Tenderness | 1.7 | 0.9 |
| Dipstick Urinalysis# | 4.2 | 0.3 |
* Values are derived from the study by Bent et al. [17]
# A positive result was defined as leukocyte esterase positive or nitrite positive, a negative result was defined as both negative.