Table 1.

Examples of PRR-mediated effects on HIV infection in innate immune cells.

Pathogen	Cell type	Effect on HIV infection	Receptors involved	References
Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Macrophage	Increased replication, transmission, LTR activation	TLR2	Zhang et al. (1995), Mancino et al. (1997)
Neisseria gonorrhoeae	DC	Increased entry/replication	TLR2	Zhang et al. (2005)
	LC	Increased transmission	TLR1/2	de Jong et al. (2008)
Lactobacillus acidophilus	Macrophage	Increased infection	TLR2	Ahmed et al. (2010)
Leishmania donovani	Macrophage	Increased replication	TLR2	Bernier et al. (1995)
Candida albicans	LC	Increased transmission	TLR1/2	de Jong et al. (2008)
Escherichia coli	Macrophage	Reduced infection	TLR4	Ahmed et al. (2010)
Staphylococcus aureus	DC	Reduced infection	TLR4	Ogawa et al. (2009)
	LC	Increased infection
Salmonella typhimurium	DC	Reduced infection	TLR4	Ogawa et al. (2009)
	LC	No effect
Herpes simplex virus-2	LC	Increased infection, transmission	Langerin	de Jong et al. (2010)
LIGANDS
Pam3Cysk4, LTA	DC	Increased transmission	TLR2	Thibault et al. (2009)
LPS	DC, macrophage	Reduced infection/transmission, replication	TLR4	Kornbluth et al. (1989), Thibault et al. (2009), Wang et al. (2011)
Interferon	Macrophage	Reduced infection, replication	TLR3	Kornbluth et al. (1989), Ahmed et al. (2010)