Table 1.

An overview of selective helminth-derived products, their innate cell signaling component, and the effects they have on the adaptive immune system.

Helminth-derived product	Helminth species	PRR	Consequences on innate immunity	Consequences on adaptive immunity
SEA	S. mansoni	DC-SIGN, Dectin-2, MR, MGL	Increase IL-1β, IL-10, and OX40L. Down-regulate IL-12	Dominant Th2 or dampened Th responses
ES (Eggs)	S. mansoni	CLR?	Increase IL-10 and down-regulate IL-12	Dominant Th2
PS lipids	Ascaris lumbricoides	TLR2	Increase IL-10 and down-regulate IL-12	Dominant Th2
AgB	Echinococcus granulosus	TLR	Down-regulates IL-12	Dominant Th2
ES-62	A. viteae	TLR4	Down-regulates IL-12	Dominant Th2
Calreticulin	H. polygyrus	Scavenger receptor	–	Dominant Th2
Cystatins	Multiple	ND	Dampened antigen presentation	Dampened T cell proliferation
HSP70	Multiple	TLR4	Increase IL-10	Induces Treg
(Lyso)-PS lipids	S. mansoni	TLR2	IL-12 down-regulated	Induces Treg
ES	H. polygyrus	Unknown	Increase IL-1β, IL-10, and OX40L. Down-regulate IL-12	Induces de novo Tregs
TGF-β homolog	B. malayi	TGF	Increase IL-10	Induces Treg
dsRNA	S. mansoni	TLR3	Increase IFNα	Dominant Th1