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. 2011 Sep 8;2:42. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00042

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Substrate recruitment into autophagosomes. Substrates are imported into emerging autophagosomes (isolation membrane) via anchoring to Atg8/LC3, which is covalently attached to the autophagosomal membrane by the E3-like ligase Atg5/12/16L1. This anchoring occurs through a LC3 interacting region (LIR), either via proteins that directly bind to the cargo (LIR only, e.g., NIX for mitophagy) or via proteins that interact with polyubiquitin tags on substrates, like Salmonella bacteria (green), mitochondria (red), or protein aggregates (UBA + LIR, e.g., p62, NBR1, NDP52, and optineurin for xeno- and mitophagy).