Table 2.

C.elegans single gene mutants used in this study

Strain	Genotype	Function	Relevant C. elegans phenotype	Reference*
N2	Wild type		Reference C. elegans strain	[20]
daf-2	(e1370)III	Insulin-like receptor gene	Extended lifespan, increased resistance to heat, oxidative stress, and pathogens.	[14,22]
age-1	(hx546)II	Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase. Downstream of daf-2.	Similar to daf-2	[22,83]
daf-16	(mu86)I	Fork-head transcription factor. Negatively regulated by the daf-2 pathway.	Decreased lifespan, decreased resistance to heat, oxidative stress, and pathogens.	[22,84]
lys-7	(ok1384)V	Lysozyme	Induced by S. marcescens infection	[31]
spp-1	(ok2703)	Saposin-like protein	Active against E. coli and expressed in the intestine	[85]
sod-3	(gk235)X	Superoxide dismutase	Increased susceptibility to E. faecalis	[42]
ctl-2	(ok1137)II	Catalase	Decreased lifespan, increased susceptibility to E. faecalis	[42,44]
dbl-1	(nk3)V	Homologue of mammalian TGF-β	Enhanced susceptibility to pathogens	[31,86]
lys-1	(ok2445)	Lysozyme	Induced by S. marcescens infection	[31]
pmk-1	(km25)	p38 MAP kinase homolog	Enhanced susceptibility to pathogens	[27]
tol-1	(nr2033)I	Sole Tol-like receptor.	Unable to avoid pathogenic bacteria. Susceptible to killing by gram negative bacteria. .	[35,36]
trx-1	(ok1449)II	Thioredoxin	Decreased lifespan	[47,48]
phm-2	(ad597)I	Pharynx morphogenesis	Defective terminal bulb. Allows greater numbers of intact bacteria to enter the intestinal tract.	[54]
clk-1	(e2519)III	Coenzyme Q Mitochondrial function	Extended lifespan	[56]

*All strains were provided by the Caenorhabditis Genetic Center, University of Minnesota