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Blood-borne monocytes exit the blood stream and differentiate into macrophages. The macrophage response depends on the stimulus provided by the microenvironment. IFNγ along with LPS or TNFα drive polarization of M1 (classically activated) macrophages which participate in pro-inflammatory activities. On the other hand, IL-4 + IL-13, IL-10, or immune complexes drive M2 (alternatively activated) macrophages, which participate in anti-inflammatory responses.
