Table 2.

T-cell-related cytokines and osteoclastogenesis.

Th cell subsets	Associated cytokines	Main producer cells	Effects on osteoclastogenesis
Th1 cells	IFN-γ	Th1 cells and NK cells	Inhibition
	GM-CSF	Th1 cells	Inhibition
	IL-12	Macrophages and DCs	Inhibition
Th2 cells	IL-4	Th2 cells and Mast cells	Inhibition
	IL-10	Th2 cells and Treg cells	Inhibition
Th17 cells	IL-17	Th17 cells, γδT-cells, and Mast cells	Activation
	RANKL	Synoviocytes, Osteoblasts, and Th17 cells	Activation
	IL-1	Macrophages, Synoviocytes, and Mast cells	Activation
	IL-6	Macrophages, DCs, and Synoviocytes	Activation
	IL-21	Th17 cells, NKT cells	Activation
	IL-22	Th17 cells, NK cells	Activation
	IL-23	DCs and Macrophages	Activation
	TNFα	Macrophages and DCs	Activation
Treg cells	IL-10	Th2 cells and Treg cells	Inhibition
	TGF-β	Treg cells and DCs	Activation

The associated cytokines include those produced by T-cells as well as those that are important for T-cell induction.