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. 2012 Mar 14;3:43. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00043

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Copyright © 2012 Dumit and Dengjel.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited.

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Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like conjugation systems. (A) The ubiquitination system. E1–E2–E3 enzymatic cascades are depicted. (B) The whole set of ubiquitin-like reactions taking part in autophagy involves the E1-, E2-, and E3-like enzymes ATG7, ATG3/ATG10, and ATG12–ATG5/ATG16L1, respectively. Crystallographic structure of (C) LC3 (PDB code 1ugm), (D) GABARAP (PDB code 1kjt), (E) GABARAPL2 (PDB code 1eo6), (F) ubiquitin (PDB code 1aar), and (G) superimposition of ubiquitin (yellow) and LC3 (green) crystallographic structures. MultiProt Server was employed for protein alignment based on their structures (Shatsky et al., 2004). The picture was prepared using the program VMD (Humphrey et al., 1996).