Table 1.
Urban focused |
Large rural focused |
Small rural focused |
Isolated rural |
p Valuea | |||||
n = 8,519 |
n = 1,938 |
n = 1,567 |
n = 1,182 |
||||||
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||
Quality measures (O-E) | |||||||||
Hospice enrollment | 0.12 | 0.21 | 2.720 × 10−3 | 0.21 | −0.02 | 0.21 | −0.06 | 0.21 | <.001 |
In-hospital death | 4.192 × 10−3 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.10 | <.001 |
Prevalence of severe pain | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.09 | <.001 |
Observed prevalence (%) | |||||||||
Hospice enrollment | 37.15 | 22.77 | 24.32 | 22.28 | 21.71 | 21.88 | 19.08 | 21.89 | <.001 |
In-hospital death | 16.81 | 9.74 | 18.23 | 10.10 | 19.51 | 11.14 | 17.41 | 10.51 | <.001 |
Prevalence of severe pain | 13.14 | 11.13 | 15.01 | 12.41 | 14.68 | 10.49 | 14.44 | 10.04 | <.001 |
Facility characteristics | |||||||||
Admission case mix | 1.06 | 0.08 | 1.06 | 0.09 | 1.04 | 0.09 | 1.02 | 0.09 | <.001 |
RN/CNA + LPN ratio (%) | 9.43 | 6.22 | 9.43 | 5.63 | 8.12 | 5.42 | 9.07 | 5.51 | <.001 |
Total nurse hr/resident/day | 3.36 | 1.00 | 3.20 | 0.94 | 3.14 | 0.83 | 3.08 | 0.69 | <.001 |
Beds × Occupancy | 111.32 | 63.74 | 88.14 | 38.09 | 75.54 | 32.29 | 61.26 | 26.79 | <.001 |
% Medicaid | 61.40 | 19.73 | 65.00 | 14.78 | 66.51 | 14.22 | 64.43 | 14.54 | <.001 |
% Medicare | 14.48 | 9.53 | 13.34 | 8.77 | 10.89 | 6.63 | 8.85 | 5.82 | <.001 |
% For-profit (ownership) | 72.54 | 70.85 | 67.43 | 54.17 | <.001 | ||||
% Chain membership | 55.52 | 57.78 | 55.68 | 48.39 | <.001 | ||||
No. of hospice providers in the county | 9.60 | 16.84 | 1.40 | 1.46 | 0.79 | 1.06 | 0.55 | 0.92 | <.001 |
No. of hospital beds per 100 people 65+ | 4.51 | 2.99 | 3.42 | 2.78 | 3.28 | 3.68 | 2.72 | 2.34 | <.001 |
Distance to a hospice (miles) | 4.41 | 5.19 | 6.13 | 9.81 | 13.98 | 14.11 | 18.92 | 12.37 | <.001 |
Distance to a hospital (miles) | 2.63 | 3.67 | 1.64 | 3.74 | 2.92 | 5.97 | 8.36 | 8.20 | <.001 |
Note: aBased on analysis of variance. CNA = certified nurse assistants; LPN = licensed practical nurses; O-E = observed-expected outcome rate; RN = registered nurses.