Table 1.

Study Population Characteristics (n = 13,206 nursing homes)

	Urban focused		Large rural focused		Small rural focused		Isolated rural		p Valuea
	n = 8,519		n = 1,938		n = 1,567		n = 1,182
	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD
Quality measures (O-E)
Hospice enrollment	0.12	0.21	2.720 × 10−3	0.21	−0.02	0.21	−0.06	0.21	<.001
In-hospital death	4.192 × 10−3	0.09	0.02	0.09	0.04	0.10	0.02	0.10	<.001
Prevalence of severe pain	0.01	0.08	0.02	0.09	0.02	0.09	0.02	0.09	<.001
Observed prevalence (%)
Hospice enrollment	37.15	22.77	24.32	22.28	21.71	21.88	19.08	21.89	<.001
In-hospital death	16.81	9.74	18.23	10.10	19.51	11.14	17.41	10.51	<.001
Prevalence of severe pain	13.14	11.13	15.01	12.41	14.68	10.49	14.44	10.04	<.001
Facility characteristics
Admission case mix	1.06	0.08	1.06	0.09	1.04	0.09	1.02	0.09	<.001
RN/CNA + LPN ratio (%)	9.43	6.22	9.43	5.63	8.12	5.42	9.07	5.51	<.001
Total nurse hr/resident/day	3.36	1.00	3.20	0.94	3.14	0.83	3.08	0.69	<.001
Beds × Occupancy	111.32	63.74	88.14	38.09	75.54	32.29	61.26	26.79	<.001
% Medicaid	61.40	19.73	65.00	14.78	66.51	14.22	64.43	14.54	<.001
% Medicare	14.48	9.53	13.34	8.77	10.89	6.63	8.85	5.82	<.001
% For-profit (ownership)	72.54		70.85		67.43		54.17		<.001
% Chain membership	55.52		57.78		55.68		48.39		<.001
No. of hospice providers in the county	9.60	16.84	1.40	1.46	0.79	1.06	0.55	0.92	<.001
No. of hospital beds per 100 people 65+	4.51	2.99	3.42	2.78	3.28	3.68	2.72	2.34	<.001
Distance to a hospice (miles)	4.41	5.19	6.13	9.81	13.98	14.11	18.92	12.37	<.001
Distance to a hospital (miles)	2.63	3.67	1.64	3.74	2.92	5.97	8.36	8.20	<.001

Note: ^aBased on analysis of variance. CNA = certified nurse assistants; LPN = licensed practical nurses; O-E = observed-expected outcome rate; RN = registered nurses.