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TLR4 mediated signalling in alcohol-exposed macrophages. Alcohol alters functions of Toll-like receptors TLR4 in the liver resulting in regulation of MyD88 dependent activation of downstream signalling molecules such as IRAK kinase, IKK and NFκB. MyD88-independent, TRIF-dependent activation of IRF3 is also regulated alcohol exposure. Alcohol also induces NADPH oxidase via reactive oxygen species leading to inflammation.
