Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics
| Healthy controls (n = 27) | Bipolar disorder (n = 52) | Schizophrenia (n = 30) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD)a | 39.5 (9.9) | 45.2 (9.8) | 45.6 (8.7) |
| Gender, % male | 66.7 | 53.8 | 70.0 |
| Personal education, mean (SD)b | 14.7 (1.6) | 14.0 (2.2) | 12.9 (2.3) |
| Parental education, mean (SD) | 13.0 (3.2) | 11.9 (4.4) | 11.0 (5.0) |
| Race, % White | 40.7 | 75.0 | 53.3 |
| Handedness, % right | 92.6 | 86.5 | 83.3 |
| BPRS, mean (SD) | – | 33.8 (7.2) | 40.7 (9.1) |
| HDRS, mean (SD) | – | 9.8 (7.6) | 9.3 (6.4) |
| YMRS, mean (SD) | – | 3.2 (3.9) | 6.4 (5.9) |
SD = standard deviation; BPRS = Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; HDRS = Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale.
a
Significant difference in age between healthy controls and patients with bipolar disorder, p < 0.05.
b
Significant difference in personal education between healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia, p < 0.05.