Table 1.
Summary of the main gut hormones that influence the energy homeostasis
| Gut hormones (receptor) | Secretion site | Action |
|---|---|---|
| PYY (G protein-coupled receptors) | L cells of gut | ↓ food intake and delays gastric emptying |
| GLP-1 (GLP-1R) | L cells of gut | ↓ food intake, releases insulin, hand out as incretin, ↓ glucose levels and delays gastric emptying |
| OXM (GLP-1R) | L cells of gut | ↓ food intake |
| CCK (CCK1 and CCK2) | I cell of small intestine | ↓ food intake |
| Uroguanylin and Guanylin (GUCY2CR) | Intestinal epithelial cells | ↓ food intake |
| GIP | K cells of gut | ↓ food intake and glucose levels |
| PP (Y4 and Y5) | PP cells of pancreas | ↓ food intake |
| Amylin (AMY 1-3) | β cells of pancreas | ↓ glucose levels |
| Insulin (IR) | β cells of pancreas | ↓ food intake and glucose levels |
| Glucagon (GCGR) | α cells of pancreas | ↑ glucose levels and insulin secretion |
| Ghrelin (GHSR1) | Stomach | ↑ food intake |
PYY: peptide tyrosine tyrosine; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide 1; PP: pancreatic polypeptide; OXM: oxyntomodulin; CCK: cholecystokinin; GHSR1: growth hormone secretagogue; GUCY2C receptors: guanylyl cyclase 2 C receptors; IR: insulin receptor; GIP: glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide.