Table 3.
Clinical and Laboratory Findings in Cases and Controls from the MARS Database
| Variables | SCD Cases with PE | SCD Controls without PE | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± S.E.M. | Mean ± S.E.M. | ||||
| Age | 39.2 ± 3.6 | (N=14) | 40.0 ± 2.2 | (N=28) | 0.647 |
| Sex-Male | 6/14 (42.8%) | (N=14) | 12/28 (42.8%) | (N=28) | 1.000 |
| Race-Black | 14/14 (100%) | (N=14) | 27/27 (100%) | (N=28) | 1.000 |
| BMI | 30.1 ± 3.5 | (N=8) | 30.3 ± 3.2 | (N=16) | 0.910 |
| LOS (days) | 11.0 ± 1.6 | (N=14) | 5.2 ± 0.5 | (N=28) | <0.001 |
| Mortality | 1/14 (7.1%) | (N=14) | 0/28 (0%) | (N=28) | 0.667 |
| Type SCD | |||||
| HbSS | 5/14 (35.7%) | (N=14) | 13/28 (46.4%) | (N=28) | 0.861 |
| HbSC | 2/14 (14.3%) | 0/28 (0%) | |||
| HbSS/thal | 0/14 (0%) | 1/28 (3.6%) | |||
| HbAS (trait) | 7/14 (50.0%) | 14/28 (50.0%) | |||
| Crisis | |||||
| Vaso-occlusive crisis | 1/14 (7.1%) | (N=14) | 1/28 (3.6%) | (N=28) | 0.895 |
| Aplastic crisis | 0/14 (0%) | 0/28 (0%) | |||
| Painful crisis | 4/14 (28.6%) | 9/28 (32.1%) | |||
| None | 9/14 (64.3%) | 18/28 (64.3%) | |||
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Trauma | 0/14 (0%) | (N=14) | 0/28 (0%) | (N=28) | 1.000 |
| Fracture | 0/14 (0%) | 0/28 (0%) | 1.000 | ||
| CHF | 1/14 (7.1%) | 2/28 (7.1%) | 1.000 | ||
| Pneumonia | 3/14 (21.4%) | 3/28 (10.7%) | 0.518 | ||
| Cerebrovascular accident | 0/14 (0%) | 4/28 (14.3%) | 0.183 | ||
| Acute coronary syndrome | 0/14 (0%) | 0/28 (0%) | 1.000 | ||
| Laboratory tests | |||||
| Hemoglobin gm/dl | 10.8 ± 0.5 | (N=14) | 10.5 ± 0.5 | (N=25) | 0.841 |
| Reticulocyte % | 6.5 ± 1.9 | (N=6) | 11.9 ± 4.1 | (N=11) | 0.250 |
| White blood count (×103) | 12.3 ± 1.4 | (N=14) | 13.6 ± 1.5 | (N=24) | 0.774 |
| Platelet count (×103) | 333 ± 28 | (N=13) | 313 ± 39 | (N=22) | 0.431 |
| % HbF | 15.2 ± 12.5% | (N=4) | 3.0 ± 1.3% | (N=7) | 0.889 |
| D-dimer (μg/mg) | 1357 ± 357 | (N=2) | - | (N=0) | - |
| TRV (cm/s) | 1.3 ± 0.19 | (N=7) | 1.2 ± 0.16 | (N=6) | 1.000 |
| Cardiopulmonary studies | |||||
| Chest roentgenogram | 14/14 (100%) | (N=14) | 17/28 (60.7%) | (N=28) | 0.005 |
| Nuclear scan | 1/14 (7.1%) | 0/28 (0%) | 0.667 | ||
| Computerized tomogram | 0/14 (0.0%) | 1/28 (3.6%) | 0.667 | ||
| Spiral computerized tomogram | 13/14 (92.8%) | 7/28 (25.0%) | <0.001 | ||
| Arteriography | 0/14 (0%) | 0/28 (0%) | 1.00 | ||
| Arterial blood gas | 2/14 (14.3%) | 0/28 (0%) | 0.222 | ||
| Electrocardiogram | 9/14 (64.3%) | 4/28 (14.3%) | 0.008 | ||
| Echocardiogram | 1/14 (7.1%) | 1/28 (3.6%) | 1.000 | ||
| Risk factors | |||||
| Diabetes | 3/14 (21.4%) | (N=14) | 4/28 (14.3%) | (N=28) | 0.859 |
| Hypertension | 9/14 (64.3%) | 13/28 (46.4%) | 0.476 | ||
| Obesity | 3/14 (21.4%) | 6/28 (21.4%) | 1.000 | ||
| Smoking | 6/14 (42.8%) | 6/28 (21.4%) | 0.286 | ||
| Lipid elevation | 2/14 (14.3%) | 0/28 (0%) | 0.222 | ||
| Coronary symptoms | 1/14 (7.1%) | 2/28 (7.1%) | 1.000 | ||
| HIV | 0/14 (0%) | 0/28 (0%) | 1.000 | ||
| HCV | 1/14 (7.1%) | 1/28 (3.6%) | 1.000 | ||
| Treatment | |||||
| Hydroxyurea | 0/14 (0%) | (N=14) | 4/28 (14.3%) | (N=28) | 0.395 |
| Iron chelator | 0/14 (0%) | 0/28 (0%) | 1.000 | ||
| Anticoagulation | 14/14 (100%) | 4/28 (14.3%) | <0.001 | ||
| Estrogen | 1/8 (12.5%) | (N=8) | 1/16 (6.2%) | (N=16) | 0.464 |
| RBC Transfusion | 5/14 (35.7%) | 4/28 (14.3%) | 0.261 | ||
| FFP Transfusion | 0/14 (0%) | 0/28 (0%) | 1.000 | ||
| Intravenous globulin (IVIG) | 1/14 (7.1%) | 0/28 (0%) | 0.333 | ||
MARS is medical archival records system; SCD is sickle cell disease; PE is pulmonary embolism; S.E.M. is standard error of the mean; p-value was determined by exact conditional logistic regression. SCD Cases with PE were matched with SCD controls without PE from the MARS data base, 2001-2006. Means are shown with standard error of the mean. BMI is body mass index; TRV is tricuspid regurgitant volume.