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Illustration of different signaling mechanisms regulating IL-6 expression by LPS in U937 mononuclear cells and gingival fibroblasts. A. In U937 cells, LPS stimulates IL-6 expression via ERK, JNK, p38 and NFκB pathways and subsequent AP-1 and NFκB activation. B. In gingival fibroblasts, although LPS stimulates ERK, JNK, p38, NFκB pathways, it only activates NFκB. Only p38 and NFκB pathways are involved in LPS-stimulated IL-6 expression in gingival fibroblasts.
