Table 3.
Mean Values (SDs) for the Outcome Measures – Baseline, Midpoint, and Final (N = 98).
| Variable* | Baseline | Midpoint | Final |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
| Resistance (n=32) | |||
| Fall Risk Score | 2.22 (0.70) | 1.39 (0.98) | 0.95 (1.01)‡ |
| Postural Sway (mm) | 230.10 (93.09) | 183.60 (123.19) | 159.61 (81.95)§ |
| Quadriceps Strength (kg) | 17.2 (7.2) | 20.4 (8.4) | 18.9 (8.6) |
| Hand Reaction Time (msec) | 328.3 (44.3) | 284.1 (49.3) | 267.8 (52.3) |
| Proprioception (deg) | 2.2 (2.1) | 1.9 (1.0) | 1.5 (1.2) |
| Edge Contrast (dB) | 17.8 (2.1) | 19.3 (2.0) | 19.2 (2.2) |
| Dorsiflexion Strength (kg) | 6.4 (2.2) | 7.3 (2.6) | 7.6 (2.5) |
| Foot Reaction Time (msec) | 380.5 (81.6) | 320.1 (41.6) | 331.2 (63.9) |
| CB&M Scale (out of 85 points) | 44.6 (21.6) | 49.5 (20.7) | 51.2 (21.9) |
| Agility (n=34) | |||
| Fall Risk Score | 2.40 (0.86) | 1.49 (0.97) | 1.26 (0.93)‡ |
| Postural Sway | 219.20 (80.26) | 179.47 (98.06) | 155.26 (91.15)§ |
| Quadriceps Strength | 17.0 (6.5) | 19.9 (6.2) | 17.2 (7.9) |
| Hand Reaction Time | 337.8 (61.4) | 298.6 (53.6) | 294.9 (55.1) |
| Proprioception | 1.8 (1.2) | 1.8 (1.6) | 1.5 (1.2) |
| Edge Contrast | 17.3 (2.3) | 18.9 (2.1) | 18.7 (2.7) |
| Dorsiflexion Strength | 5.1 (2.6) | 7.3 (1.9) | 6.8 (2.9) |
| Foot Reaction Time | 379.0 (67.8) | 340.2 (68.1) | 353.9 (61.6) |
| CB&M Scale | 39.9 (17.5) | 51.5 (15.5)† | 48.9 (16.4) |
| Stretching (n=32) | |||
| Fall Risk Score | 1.92 (0.83) | 1.50 (0.95) | 1.53 (1.21) |
| Postural Sway | 216.97 (104.72) | 196.60 (122.94) | 217.35 (148.25) |
| Quadriceps Strength | 16.1 (7.2) | 19.2 (7.2) | 17.5 (6.4) |
| Hand Reaction Time | 307.6 (43.1) | 290.5 (49.1) | 280.7 (60.2) |
| Proprioception | 1.7 (0.9) | 2.0 (1.6) | 1.8 (1.2) |
| Edge Contrast | 18.0 (1.5) | 18.8 (1.8) | 18.6 (1.9) |
| Dorsiflexion Strength | 5.4 (2.9) | 6.4 (2.8) | 6.3 (2.4) |
| Foot Reaction Time | 362.8 (57.6) | 332.3 (49.8) | 345.2 (57.5) |
| CB&M Scale | 40.4 (18.3) | 45.8 (17.8) | 45.0(17.4) |
*
High fall risk scores, high sway values, high reaction time values, low quadriceps strength values, and low edge contrast scores indicate impaired performances. For the CB&M Scale (Community Balance and Mobility Scale), a higher score indicates better physical function.
†
Significantly different from the Resistance Training and the Stretching group at p<0.05.
‡
Significantly different from the Stretching group at p<0.01.
§
Significantly different from the Stretching group at p<0.05.