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. 2012 Mar 22;3(4):764–776. doi: 10.1364/BOE.3.000764

Table 1. NTR Centers, imaging modalities, applications, and validation needs.

Center Modality Clinical Applications Validation Needs
Washington University at St. Louis Photoacoustic tomography with and without biomarkers Sentinel lymph node imaging and guided needle biopsy, early prediction of chemotherapy response, breast cancer screening In vivo studies in comparison to existing clinical standards
       
The University of Texas Health Science Center—Houston Near-infrared fluorescence imaging with biomarkers Lymphedema treatment assessment, non-invasive sentinel and cancerous lymph node identification, surgery guidance New probes toxicity and batch release, cost/effectiveness
       
Stanford University Visible/near-infrared fluorescence imaging with biomarkers Detection of inflammation, premalignancies and cancer, stratifications of tumors for COX-2 expression Demonstration of clinical efficacy
       
The University of Michigan Endoscopic multispectral fluorescence imaging with biomarkers Early detection of colorectal cancer using specific peptides to target flat and depressed lesions In vivo peptide specificity and toxicity