| xsp | 1 if data source node s uses path p to reach sink node q, and 0 otherwise |
| y(n,k) | 1 if the link from node n to node k is on the tree, and 0 otherwise |
| rn | Transmission radius of the node n |
| znk | 1 if node k is covered within transmission radius of node n, and 0 otherwise |
| cnk | Retransmission times of node n to transmit data to node k |
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